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Residential service entrance fusible panelboards are a major identifiable cause of electric fires. California DMV — most registration issues can be handled online at www.
Introduction to the Electrical Panel Corrosion Study
Provided by AudioNow, there is no cost for the service, but calls will use plan minutes. Models were developed to evaluate the impact of various load control strategies on distribution system losses and on changes in the thermal capacity of transformers and cables. 6 inch android phones questions Water, often in large volumes from wind-driven rain, followed the entrance cable into the building on three paths:. The Dodgers open their season hosting the hated San Francisco Giants at 4p.
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S Geological Survey, recent earthquake activity map http: In a few other cases there were indications of water entering the rear of the service enclosure at points of contact with the basement wall, even when the enclosure was actually affixed to plywood or nailer boards which themselves were fastened directly to the foundation. The inspectors' observations can provide a data base on field performance of residential electrical system components that may be valuable toward the development of improvements in both the components and their associated qualification standards.
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Many inspectors are reluctant to operate circuit breakers, particularly main fuses or breakers, in occupied buildings. Road closures during severe weather events from the County Public Works Department http: Inspection was visual, did not normally involve use of test equipment, and followed well established guidelines for professional home inspectors. The Fed-Ex driver declined treatment and appeared uninjured. Rust and corrosion in residential electrical panels is more than a theoretical safety concern. It damages fuel tanks and then engines. Overall, 16 fire departments participated in the study and contributed fire investigations that met the criteria for the project.
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27.02.2018 - In 83 of cases there were wet-basement conditions but the service panel was mounted well away from points of outside water entry through walls or cables. This study did not test these opinions. Fire Department permits are required for any burning on Pala tribal land. It is common, however, for these specialists to find equipment in various states of deterioration of which the most severe might be just before a hard failure which would lead the homeowner to take corrective measures.
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10.02.2018 - Ten games tonight including the Kings hosting the Coyotes. Call Pala Fitness Center for information on all of these at Two definitions of severity of damage are:. CHP say drugs or alcohol were a factor.
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18.03.2018 - Save time searching online with quick, organized listings of all major websites www. They rusted out in two years. Water concentrated around a building from roof runoff or surface drainage often results in moisture seeping through the foundation wall. By far the most common source of water entry in service panels, out of possible sources observed, is associated with the passage of an above-ground service entry cable from outside, through the building wall, into panels which are located in basements or at a location lower than the point of penetration of the cable through the building wall. Recommendations are made to carry out evaluative tests in support of remedial measures and to prepare guidelines on the design of future service entrances. For those with only a plain telephone, you can dial up this number to listen for free. The Pala Band of Mission Indians has a number of employment opportunities including full time and part time.
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When moisture is observed primarily at specific panel locations, such as below the entrance cable or on the panel base, and when most other panel components are not corroded, we suspect specific points of outside entry such as described earlier.
But in many inspections we observe water, corrosion, or signs of a history of wetness in panels where there are no obvious contact-paths for droplets to travel in to the panel from outside.
In these cases, when corrosion is fairly uniform over panel enclosure sides and top, and over other panel components, we suspect that moisture is occurring as condensation inside the panel.
Often the inspector will find such indications. This was so in 83 of cases, when there were generally wet-basement conditions but when the service panel was fortunate to find itself mounted well away from points of outside water entry through walls or entry cables.
While not a part of this study, we have observed this pattern of rust and corrosion on panel components even in very dry climates Tucson and Phoenix where electrical equipment was installed against masonry walls in service closets accessed from outside the building.
From these observations we suspect that the combination of high interior moisture levels in many basements, combined with temperature changes, results in movement of moisture to the interior of service panels on a regular basis during humid weather.
Service panel age did not necessarily match the age of the building. For many older homes historical and other evidence indicated that the service had been upgraded. For homes constructed before, electric panels had often been upgraded two or more times.
No relationship was observed between type of equipment fuse systems versus circuit breaker equipment and the ability of water or moisture to enter the enclosures. In this study, older equipment, subject to the same history of water entry, almost always looked less damaged from moisture.
On such connectors and devices less extensive corrosion was found than on newer aluminum and steel screws, connectors, bus bars, and other components exposed to the same conditions.
Better data regarding actual failures might be surveyed among electricians performing replacements. Meese and Beausoleil have looked at failures in branch circuits. That view is based on the premise that electromechanical parts are more vulnerable than a fused link.
However it's possible that the easier abuse of fuses overfusing and bypassing may offset the reliability advantage. This study did not test these opinions. We did not tabulate the occurrence of corrosion, presence of defects, or evidence of failures, as a function of equipment age.
However a subjective opinion is that older equipment, subject to the same history of water entry, almost always looks less damaged from moisture. We suspect that a factor is the use in older equipment of heavy copper and plated components.
On such connectors and devices we see less extensive corrosion than on newer aluminum and steel screws, connectors, bus bars, and other components exposed to the same conditions. Home inspectors rarely observe electrical equipment immediately after a catastrophe.
It is common, however, for these specialists to find equipment in various states of deterioration of which the most severe might be just before a hard failure which would lead the homeowner to take corrective measures.
Occasionally the inspector will encounter new equipment in a property for sale and will observe the old devices abandoned as trash in the building. In these uncommon instances there may be opportunity to observe first hand the evidence of failure which led to equipment replacement.
Meese and Beausoleil have looked at such failures in branch circuits. These views are confounded by the observation that in the geographic area studied service panel equipment is often 's vintage or newer.
Older equipment has been replaced for several reasons: Normal home inspection practice does not include performance of many tests on electrical equipment. It is common for inspectors to operate switches and controls which are provided for the homeowner circuit breakers or for use by service personnel disconnects at HVAC equipment.
The Standards of Practice of the American Society of Home Inspectors require that every GFCI device be tested, that light switches and receptacles be sampled for proper operation and correct polarity and grounding.
Inspectors may also verify that volts is provided by the service. By contrast, testing for proper operation of a circuit breaker under load conditions requires special equipment, training, and procedures which are beyond the scope of a normal home inspection.
Many inspectors are reluctant to operate circuit breakers, particularly main fuses or breakers, in occupied buildings. Often they will not do so without owner permission, because of risks of losses associated with unexpected power outage e.
Inspectors approach this topic with caution. As an incidental study, we tabulated frequency of certain very common "defects" observed in service panels, of which one, burned connectors, could possibly relate to the presence of corrosion.
In at least two of these 23 cases, the inspector noted evidence of an actual fire in the panel. The number of panel defects will exceed the number of panels examined, since multiple defects may have been reported for individual installations.
We did not tabulate severity of corrosion. Every case reported however was severe enough to merit having been reported to the building owner or buyer as a potential safety concern.
As anecdotal evidence, we report having found:. Moisture from exterior leaks and interior condensation must be accepted as a very common hostile environment for service equipment in homes throughout a good part of the United States.
Based on a large sample of electric service panels found in homes ranging from new to more than years old in Southern New York, at least one of every ten units examined showed evidence of corrosion and moisture.
One might expect worse conditions in more humid regions. The most common sources of water and moisture entry appear to be: Electric service components are not adequately protected from corrosion. In this study, corrosion was found at main entry cable connections, wire connectors on circuit breakers, wire connectors on neutral and grounding bus bars, and on the panel enclosure itself.
Steel and aluminum components more often showed significant corrosion than do heavy solid copper components. As a result of moisture and corrosion in service equipment, hazardous conditions may be expected.
At some service cable connectors there was visual evidence to strongly suggest that corrosion had led to overheating and damage to the conductors. The observation of corroded circuit breaker and other panel connectors, and the presence of highly visible water marks and even water itself on circuit breakers raises serious questions: What conditions might be found on critical parts inside those devices?
Improvements in the design of electric service panel enclosures might include drainage and ventilation for service equipment enclosures and moisture-entry-resistant panel enclosure or panel backs and fastening methods.
Similar improvements, possibly by minor design changes in the stamping of steel back and base plates of electric meter enclosures might be considered. Leaks at and through contemporary service entry cables might be reduced by: Steps to increase the corrosion resistance of entrance and breaker wire connections, bus bar connectors, screw terminals, might compensate for very common field conditions which continue to place this equipment at high risk of damage from moisture.
St-Onge, addressing copper services, has made other suggestions for corrective measures, 11 and other studies have made more broad suggestions for design and installation improvements. Effective corrosion resistance should be added to the present standards for qualification of electrical service equipment.
Perhaps it's not startling to note that we omit from these suggestions a greater emphasis on field training for installers. When electrical work is performed by a trained qualified electrician, it's generally obvious immediately when a device cover is removed.
Unfortunately we are not the first observe a broad range of skill and training in electrical work, particularly in rural areas where building code enforcement may be lax and "improvements" are made by property owners and untrained mechanics.
Combined with demanding field conditions which we've described in this article, improvements in component design may be a more successful step to reduce water entry, moisture, corrosion, and failures in electric service panel connectors and components.
Readers who have suggestions for critical observations which should be collected during field work are urged to contact the author, Dan Friedman - contact information is given at the end of this document.
The original illustrations and photos, available by clicking on the links below, are called-out in the article text by individual [Figure ]. Search Arguments and Databases scanned in looking for reports on rust and corrosion damage to electrical components and service panels:.
Since some panels have more than one reported defect,, the number of defects will total more than the number of cases. For a given panel in some instance more than one possible source was recorded 2.
High interior moisture levels from any condition could cause condensation. Naturally a major source of high interior moisture levels is the third item listed, surface and roof runoff leakage into the building.
Percent of total possible sources observed Search the InspectApedia website. Comment Box is loading comments Jess Aronstein, protune aol. Aronstein provides forensic engineering services and independent laboratory testing for various agencies.
Aronstein has published widely on and has designed and conducted tests on aluminum wiring failures, Federal Pacific Stab-Lok electrical equipment, and numerous electrical products and hazards.
Steve Bliss 's Building Advisor at buildingadvisor. The Longest War ", [at Amazon. Rust has knocked down bridges, killing dozens. At the height of the Cold War, it turned our most powerful nukes into duds.
In the s, it was implicated in a number of house fires, when, as copper prices shot up, electricians resorted to aluminum wires. They rusted out in two years. One hundred fifty years after massive ten-inch cast iron guns attacked Fort Sumter, rust is counterattacking.
Union forces have mobilized with marine-grade epoxy and humidity sensors. Rust slows down container ships before stopping them entirely by aiding in the untimely removal of their propellers.
It causes hundreds of explosions in manholes, blows up washing machines, and launches water heaters through the roof, sky high. It clogs the nozzles of fire sprinkler heads: It damages fuel tanks and then engines.
It seizes up weapons, manhandles mufflers, destroys highway guardrails, and spreads like a cancer in concrete. Smith, Dennis McCoskrie, "What causes wiring fires in residences?
Not focused on corrosion-related failures. Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Suite, Arlington, VA Also addresses buried services not considered in this paper. Invaluable assistance in editing this paper was provided by Dr.
Laura Waterman and in editing technical content and organization by Dr. Aging tests of amorphous current transformers used in ground fault interrupters. Brighton, Engl Conference Date: JA; Journal Article Treatment: It is pointed out that the magnetic material for cores of a differential current transformer DCT of a ground fault interrupter GFI should be characterized by high initial permeability, little dependence on temperature, and a low remanence.
It is assumed that a GFI is required to have a service life of years continuous operation. Hence, the magnetic properties of the core of the DCT must be highly stable and exhibit virtually no deterioration over this period.
During its operational lifetime, the core may be subjected to rapid saturation due to short circuits and earth faults, etc. The effects of temperature aging and high current transients on the performance of the DCT were investigated.
It is concluded that current shocks do not significantly alter the small-signal magnetic permeability of Co-based amorphous cores of selected annealing. The material examined exhibits degradation of magnetic properties due to aging greater than that reported for Fe-based materials.
The relatively rapid aging is probably connected with the selected quick quenching in water following annealing. RR; Report Review Treatment: X; Experimental Journal Announcement: A method perfected in this study makes it possible to locate and assess corrosion in underground distribution cables in conduit.
In addition, the study identified two techniques utilities can use to protect such cables from corrosion, which has been an increasing problem in many residential service areas. Edited author abstract Descriptors: This paper is the third in a series of three papers which address the economics and effects of controlling central air conditioners, electric water heaters, and service voltage on the design and operation of the distribution system.
The load characteristics measured throughout a single distribution circuit over a five year period were used as a basis for evaluating the benefits and costs of direct load control on the distribution system.
Models were developed to evaluate the impact of various load control strategies on distribution system losses and on changes in the thermal capacity of transformers and cables. Author abstract 4 refs.
PA; Conference Paper Treatment: This paper deals with the mechanical integrity of conductors after several years in service and discusses current innovative conductor designs which benefit the structural designer working to re conductor lines.
Conductor properties may be altered due to fatigue from aeolian vibration, operation at elevated temperatures, and atmospheric corrosion. Loss of strength and additional sag due to elevated temperature operation are also discussed.
Edited author abstract 2 Refs. St-Onge, Hank Corporate Source: Duratron Systems Ltd Source: A; Applications Journal Announcement: Service connections and buried electrical systems joined to non-metallic mains require special corrosion control measures.
This article discusses copper services and corrective measures that may be taken to protect them. Also discussed are buried electrical systems, corrective measures, sacrificial anode applications, and anode requirements.
C is available in two mill hardened tempers encompassing yield strengths of between to KSI with isotropic longitudinal and transverse minimum bend radius limits of 1. The alloy also has excellent stress corrosion resistance, comparable to mill hardened beryllium copper alloys.
Edited author abstract 4 refs. The application of infrared IR scanning by utilities for aerial surveys of residences, inspection of substation equipment and overhead connections is well known. This paper describes a new application for IR scanning - inspection of underground secondary connections in manholes and secondary service boxes.
Infrared scanning of underground secondary connections, at Con Edison, has been found to be a viable method for preventive maintenance. Detection of potential failures permits an orderly and timely repair of the defective condition before the existence of an emergency customer outage condition.
Other winners included Boston over Utah, which also helped the Clippers pull to within a game of the Jazz for the final playoff spot, Minnesota over Atlanta, Memphis over Portland, Philadelphia topped the Knicks, Nets over the Magic, and Cleveland over the Hornets Charlotte is almost out of the running for an Easter playoff spot.
They trail Detroit by one and 8 th place Milwaukee by six. Washington, Miami and Milwaukee are the teams likely to clinch in the East, shutting out Detroit and Charlotte.
The Clippers and Nuggets are one and two games out of position and the Lakers and everyone else below them have been eliminated. In the NHL — Four games last night — all of them decided by one goal.
Flyers over the Avalanche in Denver Toronto edged the visiting Panthers And The Capitals topped the Rangers in overtime. Ten games tonight including the Kings hosting the Coyotes. Next game tomorrow hosting Cleveland.
Russell Henley is the defending champion. He has yet to tee off. For Great Oak — softball hosting Vista Murrieta at 3: As of midday trading, stocks were showing healthy gains across the board heading into the long weekend.
Markets will be closed tomorrow for Good Friday. Wall Street is expressing doubt that the electric vehicle maker will meet its Model 3 goals. Expect to hear a lot less about the operating systems that brought Microsoft to the top of the computing world as cloud-based computing takes over.
This morning, the software giant reorganized around its Azure cloud-computing operations and Office suite. Executive vice president Terry Myerson, who ran Windows operations is leaving the company.
Programming on Rez Radio Call or email Fire Department permits are required for any burning on Pala tribal land. The Pala Band of Mission Indians has a number of employment opportunities including full time and part time.
For a list, go to http: Pala Weather — sunny with a high of 78 today … tomorrow will be the warmest day of the week at 82 … daily high temperatures will fall back to the low 70s by Sunday and stay there for most of next week … patchy fog possible Sunday and Monday mornings … overnight lows around 54 tonight and tomorrow night … about Saturday through Wednesday nights.
Free apps for all major smart phones and other streaming devices including iPad and Xbox are available at http: Provided by AudioNow, there is no cost for the service, but calls will use plan minutes.
Submit items for PCC to IHC Rincon has a flu shot clinic every weekday 8 to 6 with an hour off for lunch now through the spring. Pala tribal members free annual tax preparation appointments are Tuesday and Thursday afternoons.
Call Susan Valenzuela at to schedule an appointment. Ages 15 to 25 register at the door. Donations of toys for ages toddler through 14, plastic eggs filled with candy, and baked goods for the hunt are being accepted at the Fire Department through Saturday, March Call x for details.
The next class is April 10 from 2: Contact Shannon at the Seniors office for details. Call for details. For information, call Avellaka at Call for more information.
Tickets available at www. About firefighters will be part of drills all day Wednesday through Friday, April 25 through For questions, call Captain Gary Mercer at Tickets are on sale at www.
Lake Wohlford Road Friday, May 4. It begins at 7p, doors open at 6. Rez Radio will broadcast it live. Packard is the featured manufacturer this year. Pala Raceway is open Wednesdays through Sundays.
Closed Mondays and Tuesdays. For daily hours and other information go to www. All other days are skate boarding only. Call Pala Fitness Center for information on all of these at Teen kickboxing classes Tuesdays and Thursdays at 6: Follow the Pala Recreation Facebook page for updates.
Call the Cupa Cultural Center for more information at Enrollment is open for Pala Little Feathers Preschool. For more information on all of these programs, call Pala Learning Center at Al-Anon meets Monday evenings at 7: Indian Health Council runs a domestic violence support group Tuesday afternoons from 3 to 5: Tai Chi classes for elders Tuesdays and Thursdays at 9a.
Child safety seat classes are held the first Monday of each month at 9a. You can find out more about all of these at http: Click here for poker promotions http: Click here for poker tournament calendar http: Paint and Sip the first Saturday of each month at 1p.
Podcasts available at http: Podcasts available at the GMNS web site — 30 min - recorded. A different episode also heard Tuesday at midnight — 30 min — recorded.
A different episode also heard Sunday at midnight — 30 min — recorded. A different episode also heard Thursday at midnight — 30 minutes — recorded. A different episode also heard Wednesday at midnight — 30 minutes — recorded.
Indian Health Council Rincon clinic events calendar http: Search job offers, post resumes and find job skill courses. California DMV — most registration issues can be handled online at www.
Hemet at S. The Escondido office has closed but will reopen at a new location in San Marcos possibly next year. Pala Fitness Center - open to the public Mon-Sat http: Skip to navigation Personal tools Log in.
Pala Rez Radio Like Rez Radio On Facebook http: Pala Life Past and Present A different episode also heard Sunday at midnight — 30 min — recorded Sun 2:
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From computers, the internet, iPods, and cell phones to camcorders, digital cameras, gaming systems, and home theaters Leo Laporte provides entertaining tech talk that appeals to the inner geek in us all. Cell Phones. Shop all Cell Phones 7" Android Tablets. Product - Unlimited Cellular 7 Inch Android Wi-Fi Tablet for Kids - Front Camera & Selfie Camera - Play.
08.02.2018 - Calls use plan minutes and long distance charges, if any, will apply. Sunday Morning Marley features the legend, Bob Marley along with dozens of other classic island rhythm recording greats. How to install android lollipop in xperia m dual -... The performance of residential electrical service entrance panelboards is reviewed. Save time searching online with quick, organized listings of all major websites www. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume.
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01.03.2018 - Figure 7, water follows electrical service entry cable exterior into the building and into the electrical panel through an un-caulked opening in the building exterior wall. In this study, corrosion was found at main entry cable connections, wire connectors on circuit breakers, wire connectors on neutral and grounding bus bars, and on the panel enclosure itself. Zuk z house at the end of the street - Windows fre... An experimental study was made to compare the efficacy of concrete encased grounding electrodes to that of driven ground rods for grounding residential and small commercial electric services. This forthcoming requirement has necessitated material and product development.
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24.01.2018 - The survey and study are all preliminaries to a possible ballot initiative. Arguments were heard for hours last night. Smith, Dennis McCoskrie, "What causes wiring fires in residences? Oneplus 5t hands on review us on yelp - Bauche del... The effect of local conditions on the decision between circuit breakers and fuses is discussed. We have an excellent FM signal on the Pala Reservation.
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In this study, corrosion was found at main entry cable connections, wire connectors on circuit breakers, wire connectors on neutral and grounding bus bars, and on the panel enclosure itself.
Steel and aluminum components more often showed significant corrosion than do heavy solid copper components. As a result of moisture and corrosion in service equipment, hazardous conditions may be expected.
At some service cable connectors there was visual evidence to strongly suggest that corrosion had led to overheating and damage to the conductors. The observation of corroded circuit breaker and other panel connectors, and the presence of highly visible water marks and even water itself on circuit breakers raises serious questions: What conditions might be found on critical parts inside those devices?
Improvements in the design of electric service panel enclosures might include drainage and ventilation for service equipment enclosures and moisture-entry-resistant panel enclosure or panel backs and fastening methods.
Similar improvements, possibly by minor design changes in the stamping of steel back and base plates of electric meter enclosures might be considered. Leaks at and through contemporary service entry cables might be reduced by: Steps to increase the corrosion resistance of entrance and breaker wire connections, bus bar connectors, screw terminals, might compensate for very common field conditions which continue to place this equipment at high risk of damage from moisture.
St-Onge, addressing copper services, has made other suggestions for corrective measures, 11 and other studies have made more broad suggestions for design and installation improvements.
Effective corrosion resistance should be added to the present standards for qualification of electrical service equipment. Perhaps it's not startling to note that we omit from these suggestions a greater emphasis on field training for installers.
When electrical work is performed by a trained qualified electrician, it's generally obvious immediately when a device cover is removed. Unfortunately we are not the first observe a broad range of skill and training in electrical work, particularly in rural areas where building code enforcement may be lax and "improvements" are made by property owners and untrained mechanics.
Combined with demanding field conditions which we've described in this article, improvements in component design may be a more successful step to reduce water entry, moisture, corrosion, and failures in electric service panel connectors and components.
Readers who have suggestions for critical observations which should be collected during field work are urged to contact the author, Dan Friedman - contact information is given at the end of this document.
The original illustrations and photos, available by clicking on the links below, are called-out in the article text by individual [Figure ]. Search Arguments and Databases scanned in looking for reports on rust and corrosion damage to electrical components and service panels:.
Since some panels have more than one reported defect,, the number of defects will total more than the number of cases. For a given panel in some instance more than one possible source was recorded 2.
High interior moisture levels from any condition could cause condensation. Naturally a major source of high interior moisture levels is the third item listed, surface and roof runoff leakage into the building.
Percent of total possible sources observed Search the InspectApedia website. Comment Box is loading comments Jess Aronstein, protune aol. Aronstein provides forensic engineering services and independent laboratory testing for various agencies.
Aronstein has published widely on and has designed and conducted tests on aluminum wiring failures, Federal Pacific Stab-Lok electrical equipment, and numerous electrical products and hazards.
Steve Bliss 's Building Advisor at buildingadvisor. The Longest War ", [at Amazon. Rust has knocked down bridges, killing dozens. At the height of the Cold War, it turned our most powerful nukes into duds.
In the s, it was implicated in a number of house fires, when, as copper prices shot up, electricians resorted to aluminum wires. They rusted out in two years. One hundred fifty years after massive ten-inch cast iron guns attacked Fort Sumter, rust is counterattacking.
Union forces have mobilized with marine-grade epoxy and humidity sensors. Rust slows down container ships before stopping them entirely by aiding in the untimely removal of their propellers.
It causes hundreds of explosions in manholes, blows up washing machines, and launches water heaters through the roof, sky high. It clogs the nozzles of fire sprinkler heads: It damages fuel tanks and then engines.
It seizes up weapons, manhandles mufflers, destroys highway guardrails, and spreads like a cancer in concrete. Smith, Dennis McCoskrie, "What causes wiring fires in residences?
Not focused on corrosion-related failures. Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Suite, Arlington, VA Also addresses buried services not considered in this paper. Invaluable assistance in editing this paper was provided by Dr.
Laura Waterman and in editing technical content and organization by Dr. Aging tests of amorphous current transformers used in ground fault interrupters.
Brighton, Engl Conference Date: JA; Journal Article Treatment: It is pointed out that the magnetic material for cores of a differential current transformer DCT of a ground fault interrupter GFI should be characterized by high initial permeability, little dependence on temperature, and a low remanence.
It is assumed that a GFI is required to have a service life of years continuous operation. Hence, the magnetic properties of the core of the DCT must be highly stable and exhibit virtually no deterioration over this period.
During its operational lifetime, the core may be subjected to rapid saturation due to short circuits and earth faults, etc. The effects of temperature aging and high current transients on the performance of the DCT were investigated.
It is concluded that current shocks do not significantly alter the small-signal magnetic permeability of Co-based amorphous cores of selected annealing. The material examined exhibits degradation of magnetic properties due to aging greater than that reported for Fe-based materials.
The relatively rapid aging is probably connected with the selected quick quenching in water following annealing. RR; Report Review Treatment: X; Experimental Journal Announcement: A method perfected in this study makes it possible to locate and assess corrosion in underground distribution cables in conduit.
In addition, the study identified two techniques utilities can use to protect such cables from corrosion, which has been an increasing problem in many residential service areas.
Edited author abstract Descriptors: This paper is the third in a series of three papers which address the economics and effects of controlling central air conditioners, electric water heaters, and service voltage on the design and operation of the distribution system.
The load characteristics measured throughout a single distribution circuit over a five year period were used as a basis for evaluating the benefits and costs of direct load control on the distribution system.
Models were developed to evaluate the impact of various load control strategies on distribution system losses and on changes in the thermal capacity of transformers and cables.
Author abstract 4 refs. PA; Conference Paper Treatment: This paper deals with the mechanical integrity of conductors after several years in service and discusses current innovative conductor designs which benefit the structural designer working to re conductor lines.
Conductor properties may be altered due to fatigue from aeolian vibration, operation at elevated temperatures, and atmospheric corrosion. Loss of strength and additional sag due to elevated temperature operation are also discussed.
Edited author abstract 2 Refs. St-Onge, Hank Corporate Source: Duratron Systems Ltd Source: A; Applications Journal Announcement: Service connections and buried electrical systems joined to non-metallic mains require special corrosion control measures.
This article discusses copper services and corrective measures that may be taken to protect them. Also discussed are buried electrical systems, corrective measures, sacrificial anode applications, and anode requirements.
C is available in two mill hardened tempers encompassing yield strengths of between to KSI with isotropic longitudinal and transverse minimum bend radius limits of 1. The alloy also has excellent stress corrosion resistance, comparable to mill hardened beryllium copper alloys.
Edited author abstract 4 refs. The application of infrared IR scanning by utilities for aerial surveys of residences, inspection of substation equipment and overhead connections is well known.
This paper describes a new application for IR scanning - inspection of underground secondary connections in manholes and secondary service boxes. Infrared scanning of underground secondary connections, at Con Edison, has been found to be a viable method for preventive maintenance.
Detection of potential failures permits an orderly and timely repair of the defective condition before the existence of an emergency customer outage condition. The general performance of many residential electrical wiring system components is examined, and some components, like receptacles, extension cords, incandescent light fixtures, fluorescent light ballasts, panelboards, and nylon-sheathed wire, are found unacceptable because of poor quality control, poor design, unpredicted current 'normal' use conditions, lack of compatible accessories, poor installation workmanship, manufacturing economics, and other factors.
A case is made for the imposition of improved performance standards for some residential electrical wiring components on the grounds of reducing annoyance, apprehension, and the incidence of serious consequences of component failures.
Better means for inspection authorities are suggested to gather and collate information on performance for prompt forwarding to the standards committees empowered to enact and improve performance standards.
Residential service entrance fusible panelboards are a major identifiable cause of electric fires. Although some remedial measures have been taken, a continuing change to more cyclic loading on panelboards in the form of electric heating may cause a resurgence of failures in the future.
The primary objectives of this three-part report were to investigate the problems associated with new and existing service entrance equipment and to establish design guidelines and practices for improved reliability particularly where loads such as electric heat are involved.
Parts I and II explore in detail the reliability issues surrounding existing and new service equipment respectively. Based on the conclusions and recommendations of these two parts, the guidelines for improving service entrance equipment reliability, found in Part III, are developed.
The residential service entrance current unbalance study is a preliminary survey of line-to-line current unbalances at the service entrance of typical homes during the heating season.
This information is of interest to heating equipment and control manufacturers and the electrical utilities involved in the off-oil program. The results provide an indication of the improvements possible from electrical load redistribution and whether the electrical distribution panelboard and plenum heaters are being utilized to the full potential.
Circuit Breakers or Safety Fuses in Residential buildings. Considerations Associated with the Design of Electric Installations. Popper, Wilhelm Corporate Source: Bernische Kraftwerke, Bern, Switz Source: Criteria for the selection between circuit breakers and fuses are indicated.
The importance of maximum short-circuit current is pointed out and a simple method for its determination is presented, along with two practical examples. The effect of local conditions on the decision between circuit breakers and fuses is discussed.
Problems associated with series connection of circuit breakers are considered. Technical Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting. Conventional gas and electric storage-type residential water heaters were operated at four different U.
The main conclusions are as follows. However, the buildup of scale in the electric heaters caused the electric heating element to fail periodically, and in the gas-fired heaters, it caused the tank metal temperatures near the burner to operate hotter.
Edited author abstract 3 refs. Comparison of concrete encased grounding electrodes to driven ground rods. An experimental study was made to compare the efficacy of concrete encased grounding electrodes to that of driven ground rods for grounding residential and small commercial electric services.
What causes wiring fires in residences?. To augment this effort, CPSC sponsored a second phase of data collection in additional cities in and This second phase used the same data collection criteria and questionnaire as the first phase, but a different contractor delivered the training.
Overall, 16 fire departments participated in the study and contributed fire investigations that met the criteria for the project. This article presents the results of these combined efforts.
Proceedings of 35th International Wire and Cable Symposium. Proceedings of International Wire and Cable Symposium 35th. The Canadian Electrical Code and the National Building Code in Canada recognize only two designations in regards to fire resistance of cables; cables for use in combustible residential buildings and cables for use in non-combustible buildings.
However, it is more severe; particularly for small nonarmoured cables such as Inside Wiring Cable. This forthcoming requirement has necessitated material and product development.
Although an Inside Wiring Cable modification of both insulation and jacket was undertaken, the large volume fraction of combustible material in the jacket vis a vis the insulation made it the area of greatest impact.
The paper outlines the development and its effect on cable performance. Author abstract 12 refs. Over the years many questions have been raised about the number of fires that have actually been caused by the failure of electric equipment or wiring in residential or commercial installations.
To help resolve these questions, many tests have been performed to evaluate various types of wire and insulation in different environments on and volt ac circuits. Evidence from a recent fire indicated that combustible material lying on the exterior of a conduit was ignited due to an internal arc between a conductor and the metallic conduit wall.
Laboratory tests were performed in an attempt to duplicate the conditions and confirm the conclusions. This paper is a report of the results. The performance of residential electrical service entrance panelboards is reviewed.
Field data identifying them as an identified cause of electrical fires are presented. Remedial measures already taken and additional steps which might further reduce the possibility of fires from panelboards are identified.
Recommendations are made to carry out evaluative tests in support of remedial measures and to prepare guidelines on the design of future service entrances. The activity began at A wrong-way driver entered northbound I at the Railroad Canyon off-ramp around 10p last night and drove south in the northbound right lane until crashing into a Fed Ex tractor trailer.
The truck saw the oncoming Hyundai and slowed a bit. The wrong way driver fled the accident on foot across freeway lanes. CHP followed, took down and arrested the unidentified driver.
He was hospitalized with cuts from the wreck. A paramedic who briefly struggled with the driver was also transported to the hospital. The Fed-Ex driver declined treatment and appeared uninjured.
Multiple lanes of the 15 were blocked for a couple of hours. CHP say drugs or alcohol were a factor. Oceanside will become the first city in San Diego County to operate a drone killer.
It works by forcing the drone to land or sending it back to its home base. Arguments were heard for hours last night. Some say readily available marijuana sends a mixed message to kids. The current proposal will go back to the city council for a second reading April 11, and if approved would take effect in 30 days.
The survey and study are all preliminaries to a possible ballot initiative. Four other Riverside County cities including Temecula and Menifee raised their local sales tax rates last year.
Five North County cities are looking to develop a joint one-year pilot program with a bike sharing company. Bike sharing has become so controversial, the city of Coronado has banned the practice.
The North County program would cost little or nothing to the cities and provide the first and last mile links for public mass transit. Riders would pay a commercial operator a dollar or two per hour through a smartphone app.
San Diego County deaths due to flu this season rose to with addition of 11 more for the week ended March Almost all flu deaths have been due to underlying conditions. The number of lab-confirmed cases of flu went down last week, cut is still high compared with previous flu seasons.
In Pala, culvert construction continues with one-lane directed traffic on Pala Temecula Road from 9a to 5p weekdays for a couple more weeks. Expect up to 15 minute delays.
The Dodgers open their season hosting the hated San Francisco Giants at 4p. A few years ago, an attack in the parking lot of Dodger Stadium after an opening series game against San Francisco left a Giants fan with permanent injuries.
LA has added extra security. At Petco Park, former Padres star relief pitcher Trevor Hoffman will throw out the ceremonial first pitch. Opening day ceremonies also include the Navy Leap Frogs parachute team landing on the field and the unfurling of the Holiday Bowl Big Flag on the field.
There will also be a flyover by four Navy F Superhornets. In the NBA — The Clippers edged closer to playoff position with a big fourth period rally to ensure victory over the Suns in Phoenix The Lakers, playing only for pride and with Dallas playing to lose for draft position beat the Mavericks in LA Other winners included Boston over Utah, which also helped the Clippers pull to within a game of the Jazz for the final playoff spot, Minnesota over Atlanta, Memphis over Portland, Philadelphia topped the Knicks, Nets over the Magic, and Cleveland over the Hornets Charlotte is almost out of the running for an Easter playoff spot.
They trail Detroit by one and 8 th place Milwaukee by six. Washington, Miami and Milwaukee are the teams likely to clinch in the East, shutting out Detroit and Charlotte.
The Clippers and Nuggets are one and two games out of position and the Lakers and everyone else below them have been eliminated. In the NHL — Four games last night — all of them decided by one goal.
Flyers over the Avalanche in Denver Toronto edged the visiting Panthers And The Capitals topped the Rangers in overtime. Ten games tonight including the Kings hosting the Coyotes.
Next game tomorrow hosting Cleveland. Russell Henley is the defending champion. He has yet to tee off. For Great Oak — softball hosting Vista Murrieta at 3: As of midday trading, stocks were showing healthy gains across the board heading into the long weekend.
Markets will be closed tomorrow for Good Friday. Wall Street is expressing doubt that the electric vehicle maker will meet its Model 3 goals. Expect to hear a lot less about the operating systems that brought Microsoft to the top of the computing world as cloud-based computing takes over.
This morning, the software giant reorganized around its Azure cloud-computing operations and Office suite. Executive vice president Terry Myerson, who ran Windows operations is leaving the company.
Programming on Rez Radio Call or email Fire Department permits are required for any burning on Pala tribal land. The Pala Band of Mission Indians has a number of employment opportunities including full time and part time.
For a list, go to http: Pala Weather — sunny with a high of 78 today … tomorrow will be the warmest day of the week at 82 … daily high temperatures will fall back to the low 70s by Sunday and stay there for most of next week … patchy fog possible Sunday and Monday mornings … overnight lows around 54 tonight and tomorrow night … about Saturday through Wednesday nights.
Free apps for all major smart phones and other streaming devices including iPad and Xbox are available at http: Provided by AudioNow, there is no cost for the service, but calls will use plan minutes.
Submit items for PCC to IHC Rincon has a flu shot clinic every weekday 8 to 6 with an hour off for lunch now through the spring. Pala tribal members free annual tax preparation appointments are Tuesday and Thursday afternoons.
Call Susan Valenzuela at to schedule an appointment. Ages 15 to 25 register at the door. Donations of toys for ages toddler through 14, plastic eggs filled with candy, and baked goods for the hunt are being accepted at the Fire Department through Saturday, March Call x for details.
The next class is April 10 from 2: Contact Shannon at the Seniors office for details. Call for details. For information, call Avellaka at Call for more information. Tickets available at www. About firefighters will be part of drills all day Wednesday through Friday, April 25 through For questions, call Captain Gary Mercer at Tickets are on sale at www.
Lake Wohlford Road Friday, May 4. It begins at 7p, doors open at 6. Rez Radio will broadcast it live. Packard is the featured manufacturer this year. Pala Raceway is open Wednesdays through Sundays.
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