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The pinyin system was developed in the s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in and revised several times. The stores spread to parts of Europe in the s, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland. The evaporation of water cooled the air blowing through the window and this process also made the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate. 6 inch android phones questions Question - Texmaker or microsoft-word? The intrinsic dependence of the cutting force evolutions on the lattice structure variations inside the workpiece material has been clearly revealed. In Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit, the introduction of Freon in the s expanded the refrigerator market during the s.



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Rayban, Rolex, and Louis Vuitton are the most copied brands worldwide, with Nike being the most counterfeited brand globally according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Cubot p test 9 volt, acer tablet accessories target wedding registry. Saeco — Saeco was also the name of a road bicycle racing team sponsored by the company.







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In it was the world's 25th-largest consumer electronics producer; init was third-largest television producer by market share. Since prehistoric times, snow and ice were used for cooling, the business of harvesting ice during winter and storing for use in summer became popular towards the late 17th century. The proposed system is specifically designed to be capable of delivering high-amplitude vibrations with decoupled guidance at the tool tip, while keeping high resistance to cutting forces during the texturing process. The actually textured surfaces were evaluated and shown that they closely match the theoretically predicted surfaces based on the in-process monitored parameters, demonstrating the great potential of the 2D VCCS to create functional surfaces for industrial products.







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19.03.2018 - Retrieved October 3, Aeku m5 tankbell cell phones no contract canada. HP spun off a company, Dynac, to specialize in digital equipment. The unique features of the LFDH model could be summarized as follows: Smartphone — A smartphone is a mobile phone with an advanced mobile operating system that combines features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use. Shops in one of the streets of Guangzhou specialize in selling various electronic components, supplying the needs of local consumer electronics manufacturers. HP also had services and consulting business around its products and partner products.









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18.03.2018 - Archived from the original on 20 July He has dozens of possibly pertinent books and articles in his memex, first he runs through an encyclopedia, finds an interesting but sketchy article, leaves it projected. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. A company was purchased in by fellow Italian competitor Saeco International Group, which in turn was purchased by Dutch manufacturer Philips in Electronics industry in China. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood.











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In June, TCL announced that its mobile phone division planned to cease using the Alcatel brand and switch entirely to the TCL brand within five years. In July, TCL announced that it planned to raise 1.



In November, TCL announced that it had formed a joint-venture with the Shenzhen government to construct an 8. TCL is organized into five business divisions: In addition it has four affiliated business areas: TCL Corporation also has its own research facility called TCL Corporate Research, which is located at Shenzhen, China with the objective to research cutting-edge technology innovations for other subsidiaries.



In December, it became a licensee of the BlackBerry brand, to manufacture, distribute, and design devices for the global market, as of, it distributes BlackBerry devices under the name of BlackBerry Mobile.



Since, TCL offers its own video streaming service: Ticker symbol — A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market.



A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine.



Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange.



In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts.



The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar Visa Inc.



To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change.



These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number.



The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol.



Many of the companies within this market are subsidiaries of companies in which the Chinese government maintains controlling interest, the exchange opened the ChiNext board, a NASDAQ-type exchange for high-growth, high-tech start-ups, on October 23, Its construction started in and was finished in The building was designed by Rem Koolhaass firm, the building is located at Shennan Blvd.



Consumer electronics — Consumer electronics or home electronics are electronic or digital equipment intended for everyday use, typically in private homes. Consumer electronics include devices used for entertainment, communications, and home-office activities, in British English, they are often called brown goods by producers and sellers, to distinguish them from white goods such as washing machines and refrigerators.



Radio broadcasting in the early 20th century brought the first major consumer product, later products included telephones, personal computers, MP3 players, audio equipment, televisions and calculators.



In the s, consumer electronics stores often sell GPS, automotive electronics, video game consoles, electronic instruments, karaoke machines, digital cameras. Stores also sell digital cameras, camcorders, cell phones, some consumer electronics stores, such as Best Buy have also begun selling office and baby furniture.



Consumer electronics stores may be bricks and mortar retail stores, online stores. However, in the s radio broadcasting became the basis of production of radio receivers.



The vacuum tubes that had made radios practical were used with record players as well, television was soon invented, but remained insignificant in the consumer market until the s.



The transistor, invented in by Bell Laboratories, led to significant research in the field of semiconductors in the early s. The transistors advantages revolutionized that industry along with other electronics, by Fairchild Semiconductor had introduced the first planar transistor from which come the origins of Moores Law.



Integrated circuits followed when manufacturers built circuits on a substrate using electrical connections between circuits within the chip itself. One overriding characteristic of consumer products is the trend of ever-falling prices.



This is driven by gains in manufacturing efficiency and automation, lower costs as manufacturing has moved to lower-wage countries. Semiconductor components benefit from Moores Law, a principle which states that, for a given price.



While consumer electronics continues in its trend of convergence, combining elements of many products, there is an ever increasing need to keep product information updated and comparable, for the consumer to make an informed choice.



Style, price, specification, and performance are all relevant, there is a gradual shift towards e-commerce web-storefronts. Many products include Internet connectivity using technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, products not traditionally associated with computer use now provide options to connect to the Internet or to a computer using a home network to provide access to digital content.



Brown goods usually require high technical knowledge and skills, while white goods may need more skills and brute force to manipulate the devices. Given a broad usage, the domestic application attached to home appliance is tied to the definition of appliance as an instrument or device designed for a use or function.



More specifically, Collins dictionary defines home appliance as, devices or machines, usually electrical, that are in your home, while many appliances have existed for centuries, the self-contained electric or gas powered appliances are a uniquely American innovation that emerged in the twentieth century.



The development of these appliances is tied the disappearance of domestic servants. In the early s, electric and gas appliances included washing machines, water heaters, refrigerators, the invention of Earl Richardsons small electric clothes iron in gave a small initial boost to the home appliance industry.



Increasing discretionary income was reflected by a rise in home appliances. White goods were painted or enameled white, and many of them still are. Small appliances are typically small household electrical machines, easily carried and installed, some such appliances were traditionally finished with genuine or imitation wood.



This has become rare but the name has stuck, even for goods that are ever to have had a wooden case. See Life spans of home appliances There is a trend of networking home appliances together, for instance, energy distribution could be managed more evenly so that when a washing machine is on, an oven can go into a delayed start mode, or vice versa.



Or, a machine and clothes dryer could share information about load characteristics. Internet-connected home appliances were especially prevalent during recent Consumer Electronic Show events, Appliance recycling consists of dismantling waste home appliances and scrapping their parts for reuse.



The main types of appliances that are recycled are T. Traditional Chinese characters — Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong.



Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities.



Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text.



They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters. Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan.



Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting.



In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government.



This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage. In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters.



Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters.



A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world.



It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters.



The pinyin system was developed in the s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in In, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language.



Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese.



One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu.



A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts.



The Wade—Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets.



Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks.



The city has about 4. It had an area of 9. The planned area was 3 km2, the zone was considered suitable for companies focusing on electronics, auto parts, textiles and chemicals.



Huizhou Zhongkai HIDZ has established electronics, information technology and optical-, mechanical - and it also encourages investment in new materials, telecommunications, and other high-tech industries.



The zone is one of the National Electronic Information Industry Bases and National Video, the zone has attracted many large multinational companies. Huizhou is served by the Jingjiu Railway with two stations, Huizhou West and Huizhou, the town is about a two-hour drive by bus from Shenzhen Baoan International Airport.



A mass rapid transit linking it to Shenzhen was under construction as of, the main language spoken by the local people in Huizhou is Huizhou dialect as well as Hakka. As more newcomers from the other come to work in Huizhou.



There are nearly islands and reefs in the bay, the climate is described as a typical subtropical oceanic climate, with temperatures averaging Beach Spa Huizhous seashore hot springs are filled with geothermal minerals, sea-level city The Sea city was built in the 18th year of the Ming dynasty, under the Hongwu Emperor, giving it a history of over years.



It is found south of the Five Ridges, Elephant Head Mountain Elephant head mountain scenic area is located in the south of Boluo County,18 kilometres from the Huizhou city area, and covers an area of 33 km2.



It was formed of rock in the Cretaceous period and has a main peak of meters above sea level. The mountain bedrock forms a stone egg landscape. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are among the most populous, the population increase since the census has been modest, the province at end had,, people.



Guangdong and neighbouring Guangxi literally mean expanse east and expanse west, together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called Loeng gwong. The local people of the city of Guangzhou and their language are commonly referred to as Cantonese in English.



Because of the prestige of Canton and its accent, Cantonese sensu lato can also be used for the phylogenetically related residents, Chinese administration and reliable historical records in the region began with the Qin dynasty.



After establishing the first unified Chinese empire, the Qin expanded southwards and set up Nanhai Commandery at Panyu, the region was independent as Nanyue between the fall of Qin and the reign of Emperor Wu of Han.



As more migrants arrived, the population was gradually assimilated to Han Chinese culture or displaced. Multiple women originating from the Persian Gulf lived in Guangzhous foreign quarter, together with Guangxi, Guangdong was made part of Lingnan Circuit, or Mountain-South Circuit, in during the Tang dynasty.



As Mongols from the north engaged in their conquest of China in the 13th century, the Battle of Yamen in Guangdong marked the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. During the Mongol Yuan dynasty, large parts of current Guangdong belonged to Jiangxi and its present name, Guangdong Province was given in early Ming dynasty.



Since the 16th century, Guangdong has had extensive links with the rest of the world. China — China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.



China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia.



The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14, kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas.



China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War.



The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory.



China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies.



As of, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army.



Security Council in The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. Television set — A television set, more commonly called a television, TV, TV set, television receiver, or telly, is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers for the purpose of viewing television.



Introduced in the late s in mechanical form, television became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form. The addition of color to broadcast television after further increased the popularity of television sets in the s, the ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the s, such as Betamax, VHS and later DVD.



It was also the display device for the first generation of home computers, in the s flat panel television incorporating liquid-crystal displays, especially LED-backlit LCDs, largely replaced cathode ray tubes and other displays.



Mechanical televisions were sold from to in the United Kingdom, United States. The Baird Televisor is considered the first mass-produced television, selling about a thousand units, the first commercially made electronic televisions with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in, followed by other makers in France, Britain, and America.



About 7, —8, electronic sets were made in the U. In Britain, there were 15, television households in,1. The production of plasma and CRT displays has been almost completely discontinued, the cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns and a fluorescent screen used to view images.



It has a means to accelerate and deflect the beam onto the screen to create the images. The images may represent electrical waveforms, pictures, radar targets or others, the CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large, deep, fairly heavy, and relatively fragile.



As a matter of safety, the face is made of thick lead glass so as to be highly shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions. In television sets and computer monitors, the front area of the tube is scanned repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster.



Smartphone — A smartphone is a mobile phone with an advanced mobile operating system that combines features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use.



In, the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country, smartphones became widespread in the late s. Most of those produced from onward have high-speed mobile broadband 4G LTE, motion sensors, in the third quarter of, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide.



Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for regular cell phones in early, devices that combined telephony and computing were first conceptualized by Nikola Tesla in and Theodore Paraskevakos in and patented in, and were offered for sale beginning in Paraskevakos was the first to introduce the concepts of intelligence, data processing and they were installed at Peoples Telephone Company in Leesburg, Alabama and were demonstrated to several telephone companies.



The original and historic working models are still in the possession of Paraskevakos, the first mobile phone to incorporate PDA features was a prototype developed by Frank Canova in while at IBM and demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show.



It included PDA features and other mobile applications such as maps, stock reports. A refined version was marketed to consumers in by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator, the Simon was the first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a smartphone, although it was not called that in The two components were attached by a hinge in what known as a clamshell design, with the display above.



The PDA provided e-mail, calendar, address book, calculator and notebook applications, text-based Web browsing, when closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular phone. The first device marketed as a smartphone, it combined the functions of a phone and PDA.



Mobile phone — A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the systems of a mobile phone operator.



Most modern mobile telephone services use a network architecture, and, therefore. Mobile phones which offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F.



Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in, using a handset weighing c. In, the DynaTAC x was the first commercially available mobile phone. In first quarter of, the top smartphone manufacturers were Samsung, Apple, a handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering.



In, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a pocket-size folding telephone with a thin carbon microphone. Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships, the race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries.



These 0G systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and this was followed in by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden.



Several other countries followed in the early to mids. These first-generation systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology, in, the DynaTAC x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone.



This was followed by 3. By, it had become clear that, at point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies.



Air conditioning — Air conditioning is the process of removing heat from a confined space, thus cooling the air, and removing humidity. Air conditioning can be used in domestic and commercial environments.



Air conditioners often use a fan to distribute the air to an occupied space such as a building or a car to improve thermal comfort. The cooling is achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used.



Air conditioning systems can also be based on desiccants and subterraneous pipes that can distribute the heated refrigerant to the ground for cooling. In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that modifies the condition of air, in common usage, though, air conditioning refers to systems which cool air.



In construction, a system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as heating, ventilation. Since prehistoric times, snow and ice were used for cooling, the business of harvesting ice during winter and storing for use in summer became popular towards the late 17th century.



This practice was replaced by mechanical ice-making machines, the basic concept behind air conditioning is said to have been applied in ancient Egypt, where reeds were hung in windows and were moistened with trickling water.



The evaporation of water cooled the air blowing through the window and this process also made the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate. In Ancient Rome, water from aqueducts was circulated through the walls of houses to cool them.



Other techniques in medieval Persia involved the use of cisterns and wind towers to cool buildings during the hot season. The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han Dynasty invented a fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m in diameter.



During the subsequent Song Dynasty, written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used, in the 17th century, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated Turning Summer into Winter for James I of England by adding salt to water.



The introduction of air conditioning in the s helped enable the great migration to the Sun Belt in the United States. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that evaporation of volatile liquids could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water.



Washing machine — A washing machine is a machine used to wash laundry, such as clothing and sheets. The term is applied to machines that use water as opposed to dry cleaning or ultrasonic cleaners.



Laundry detergent is used to clean clothes, and is sold in either powdered or liquid form. Laundering by hand involves soaking, beating, scrubbing, and rinsing dirty textiles, Water for the laundry would be hand carried, heated on a fire for washing, then poured into the tub.



That made the warm soapy water precious, it would be reused, first to wash the least soiled clothing, removal of soap and water from the clothing after washing was originally a separate process.



First, soap would be rinsed out with clear water, after rinsing, the soaking wet clothing would be formed into a roll and twisted by hand to extract water. The entire process often occupied an entire day of hard work, Clothes washer technology developed as a way to reduce the manual labor spent, providing an open basin or sealed container with paddles or fingers to automatically agitate the clothing.



The earliest machines were hand-operated and constructed from wood, while later machines made of metal permitted a fire to burn below the washtub, the earliest special-purpose mechanical washing device was the washboard, invented in by Nathaniel Briggs of New Hampshire.



By the mids steam-driven commercial laundry machinery were on sale in the UK, technological advances in machinery for commercial and institutional washers proceeded faster than domestic washer design for several decades, especially in the UK.



In the United States there was emphasis on developing machines for washing at home, though machines for commercial laundry services were widely used in the late 19th. The rotary washing machine was patented by Hamilton Smith in, as electricity was not commonly available until at least, some early washing machines were operated by a low-speed, single-cylinder hit-and-miss gasoline engine.



As implied by the term mangle, these machines were quite dangerous, especially if powered. A users fingers, hand, arm, or hair could become entangled in the laundry being squeezed, resulting in injuries, unwary bystanders, such as children, could also be caught.



Safer mechanisms were developed over time, and the more hazardous designs were eventually outlawed, the mangle used two rollers under spring tension to squeeze water out of clothing and household linen.



Each laundry item would be fed through the wringer separately, the first wringers were hand-cranked, but were eventually included as a powered attachment above the washer tub. The wringer would be swung over the wash tub so that extracted wash water would fall back into the tub to be reused for the next load, the modern process of water removal by spinning did not come into use until electric motors were developed.



Spinning requires a constant high-speed power source, and was originally done in a device known as an extractor. Refrigerator — Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique in developed countries.



The lower temperature lowers the rate of bacteria, so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage. A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the point of water. A similar device that maintains a temperature below the point of water is called a freezer.



The refrigerator replaced the icebox, which had been a household appliance for almost a century. For this reason, a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an icebox in American usage, the first cooling systems for food involved using ice.



Artificial refrigeration began in the mids, and developed in the early s, in, the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system was built. The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in, in, refrigerators for home use were invented.



In Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit, the introduction of Freon in the s expanded the refrigerator market during the s. Home freezers as separate compartments were introduced in, frozen foods, previously a luxury item, became commonplace.



Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce, commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models. Most households use the style, which has been the basic style since the s.



A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, refrigerator—freezers and freezers, newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting, chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door.



Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes, among the smallest is a 4 L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer. A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of L.



Refrigerators and freezers may be free-standing, the refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before. Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure, before the invention of the refrigerator, icehouses were used to provide cool storage for most of the year.



Placed near freshwater lakes or packed snow and ice during the winter. It is divided into smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars.



Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.



Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. Section prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section as legal tender in payment of debts.



The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar.



The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section of Title 31 of the United States Code.



The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales.



In the U. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation.



In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common.



The Alcatel brand was licensed by Alcatel-Lucent to TCL for mobile phones and devices, when Nokia acquired the assets of Alcatel-Lucent in, this also included licensing agreements for the Alcatel brand.



Since then, Alcatel became a wholly owned group of TCL. The first Alcatel phone was the OT Easy HF and it was released in, and had a battery standby life of up to hours. The company was responsible for the first versions of webOS, the first multitasking operating system for smartphones, and enyo.



Palm, headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, was responsible for products including the Pre and Pixi as well as the Treo. In June, U. Robotics was acquired by 3Com, in June, the founders became unhappy with the direction in which 3Com was taking the company, and left to found Handspring.



PalmSource was then spun off from Palm as an independent company, in October, the hardware division of the company merged with Handspring, was renamed to palmOne, Inc. In July, palmOne launched its new name and brand, reverting to Palm, Inc.



On January 4,, Palm released the Palm Treo w, Palm CEO Ed Colligan acknowledged that We were approached by larger parties over the last six months, and the reality is that we thought this was the best outcome for our business and our investors.



Simplified Chinese characters — Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China.



Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of the two character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the s and s in an attempt to increase literacy and they are officially used in the Peoples Republic of China and Singapore.



Traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong, Macau. Overseas Chinese communities generally tend to use traditional characters, Simplified Chinese characters may be referred to by their official name above or colloquially.



Strictly, the latter refers to simplifications of character structure or body, character forms that have existed for thousands of years alongside regular, Simplified character forms were created by decreasing the number of strokes and simplifying the forms of a sizable proportion of traditional Chinese characters.



Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms embodying graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms, some characters were simplified by applying regular rules, for example, by replacing all occurrences of a certain component with a simplified version of the component.



Variant characters with the pronunciation and identical meaning were reduced to a single standardized character. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification, and are identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies.



Some simplified characters are very dissimilar to and unpredictably different from traditional characters and this often leads opponents not well-versed in the method of simplification to conclude that the overall process of character simplification is also arbitrary.



In reality, the methods and rules of simplification are few, on the other hand, proponents of simplification often flaunt a few choice simplified characters as ingenious inventions, when in fact these have existed for hundreds of years as ancient variants.



However, the Chinese government never officially dropped its goal of further simplification in the future, in August, the PRC began collecting public comments for a modified list of simplified characters.



The new Table of General Standard Chinese Characters consisting of 8, characters was promulgated by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on June 5,, cursive written text almost always includes character simplification.



Simplified forms used in print have always existed, they date back to as early as the Qin dynasty, One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lubi Kui, who proposed in that simplified characters should be used in education.



In the years following the May Fourth Movement in, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China, Traditional culture and values such as Confucianism were challenged.



Soon, people in the Movement started to cite the traditional Chinese writing system as an obstacle in modernising China and it was suggested that the Chinese writing system should be either simplified or completely abolished.



Fu Sinian, a leader of the May Fourth Movement, called Chinese characters the writing of ox-demons, lu Xun, a renowned Chinese author in the 20th century, stated that, If Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die.



Recent commentators have claimed that Chinese characters were blamed for the problems in China during that time. The Hong Kong securities market can be traced back to, but the market was formally set up in There were subsequently calls for the formation of a stock exchange.



The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited was incorporated in, since, a number of major developments have taken place. The market crash revealed flaws in the market and led to calls for a reform of the Hong Kong securities industry.



This led to significant regulatory changes and infrastructural developments, as a result, the Securities and Futures Commission was set up in as the single statutory securities market regulator.



The Exchange Listing Rules have been made more comprehensive, and other existing regulations have been improved or new regulations introduced to market development. It will provide enhanced functionality and a platform for a transaction process.



On 2 April, a new trading hall is opened, on 12 November, the Tracker Fund of Hong Kong, created by government intervention during the Asian financial crisis, had its introduction on the exchange.



The opening price of a security is reported shortly after 9,20 am, a morning continuous trading session from 09,30 am to 12,00 pm. An extended morning session from 12,00 noon to 1,00 pm, continuous trading proceeds in specifically-designated securities.



Trading in other securities is not possible, however, previously-placed orders in any securities can be cancelled from 1,00 pm onwards. An afternoon continuous trading session from 1,00 pm to 4,00 pm, the closing price is reported as the median of five price snapshots taken from 3,59 to 4,00 pm every 15 seconds.



Sellers of such goods may infringe on either the trade mark, the term knockoff is often used interchangeably with counterfeit, although their legal meanings are not identical.



A knockoff is a term which describes products that copy or imitate the physical appearance of other products. They may, or may not, be illegal under trademark laws, such products are considered illegal when they are intended to confuse consumers.



According to the OECD, counterfeit products encompass all products made to imitate the appearance of the product of another as to mislead consumers. Those can include the production and distribution of products that are protected by intellectual property rights, such as copyright, trade marks.



Counterfeiters illegally copy trademarks, which manufacturers have built up based on marketing investments, in many cases, different types of infringements overlap, unauthorized music copying mostly infringes copyright as well as trade marks, fake toys infringe design protection.



The term counterfeiting therefore addresses the issues of copying packaging, labelling. Rayban, Rolex, and Louis Vuitton are the most copied brands worldwide, with Nike being the most counterfeited brand globally according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.



Others realize that most consumers do not care if the goods they buy are counterfeit, the popularity of designer jeans in, spurred a flood of knockoffs. Factories that manufacture counterfeit designer brand garments and watches are usually located in developing countries, international tourists visiting Beijing, China, may find a wide selection of counterfeit designer brand garments at the Silk Street.



Expensive watches are vulnerable to counterfeiting as well, some counterfeiters have began to manufacture their goods in the same factory as the authentic goods. Yuandan goods is a used to describe those fakes that are produced in the same factory as legitimate designer pieces without authorized permission to do so.



These goods are made from scraps and leftover materials from the products, produced illegally. Ltd, is a Japanese multinational electronics company that manufactures electronic materials, electronic components and its motto is Contribute to culture and industry through creativity.



TDK was founded in Tokyo, Japan, on 7 December to manufacture the iron-based magnetic material ferrite, in and they began production of magnetic tapes, with compact cassette tapes following in, it is for these that the company is most widely noted.



The SA and D lines were withdrawn in under Imation ownership, industry trends see the company moving into new forms of media, in TDK was the first media manufacturer to join the companies developing BD post-DVD technology.



TDK operated a division in California for about a decade. This also included a license to use the TDK Life on Record brand on data storage, in September, Imation announced that it had agreed to relinquish this license and would cease selling TDK-branded products by the end of the year.



The screen is placed under that of Toshiba and can be seen during the annual Times Square New Years Ball Drop, the award was given to the band moe. On January 27,, the changed its name to Technicolor SA.



In, Thomson Consumer Electronics was formed, and then renamed Thomson SA, in, the French government split the consumer electronics from the defense businesses of Thomson Multimedia and Thomson-CSF prior to privatization in The company then went through a series of transactions, including with Marconi plc, in, Thomson bought Cirpack and Inventel.



Thomson then purchased the Moving Picture Company from ITV and the internet startup Singingfish, in, Thomson increased its stake in the Bangalore, India based company Celstream Technologies, which specializes in product engineering.



Cirpack, a manufacturer, was incorporated and acquired in April Alcatel-Lucent — Alcatel-Lucent S. As of January, the company is part of Nokia, the company focused on fixed, mobile and converged networking hardware, IP technologies, software and services, with operations in more than countries.



Alcatel-Lucents chief executive officer was Michel Combes and the chairman of the board was Philippe Camus. However, the predecessors of the company have been a part of industry since the late 19th century.



Barton started a manufacturing firm based in Cleveland, Ohio. By, the company had relocated to Chicago, Illinois, CGE would become a leader in digital communications and would also be known for producing the TGV high-speed trains in France.



In April, TCL Corporation and Alcatel announced the creation of a mobile phone manufacturing joint venture, facing intense competition in the telecommunications industry, Alcatel and Lucent Technologies merged on November 30, Through extremely complicated ownership structure with some circular ownership, it is the division of the Samsung Group.



Through the improved differential evolution algorithm, the optimized compliant mechanism is capable of performing millimeter-scale workspace nano-positioning with decoupled motions. In addition, the input displacement unbalance, resulting from the lateral force which has potential to damage the piezoelectric actuators, is markedly lowered to a negligible value.



The performance of the fabricated compliant mechanism with optimized parameters is investigated to well agree with both the analytical model and ANSYS simulation. In addition, based on the inverse kinematics derived from the model and experimental results, different elliptical vibration trajectories are accurately acquired.



Redundantly piezo-actuated XY z compliant mechanism for nano-positioning featuring simple kinematics, bi-directional motion and enlarged workspace. By means of differential motion principle, linearized kinematics and physically bi-directional motions in all the three directions are achieved.



Meanwhile, the decoupled delivering of three-directional independent motions at the output end is accessible, and the essential parallel and mirror symmetric configuration guarantees large output stiffness, high natural frequencies, high accuracy as well as high structural compactness of the mechanism.



Modeling and analysis of uncertainty in on-machine form characterization of diamond - machined optical micro-structured surfaces. Ultra-precision diamond machining is widely used in the manufacture of optical micro-structured surfaces with sub-micron form accuracy.



As optical performance is highly-dependent on surface form accuracy, it is critically important to use reliable form characterization methods for surface quality control. To ascertain the characteristics of real machined surfaces, a reliable on-machine spiral scanning approach with high fidelity is presented in this paper.



However, since many uncertainty contributors that lead to significant variations in the characterization results are unavoidable, an error analysis model is developed to identify the associated uncertainties to facilitate the reliable quantification of the demanding specifications of the manufactured surfaces.



To accomplish this, both the diamond machining process and the on-machine spiral scanning procedure are investigated. Through the proposed model, via the Monte Carlo method, the estimation of form error parameters of a compound eye lens array is conducted in correlation with form deviations, scanning centering errors, measurement drift and noise, etc.



Application experiments, using an on-machine scanning tunneling microscope, verify the proposed model and also confirm its potential superiority over the conventional off-machine raster scanning method for surface characterization and quality control.



The mirror symmetric stage consists of four leverage mechanisms, two Scott-Russell mechanisms, and a Z-shaped flexure hinge ZFH mechanism. Taking advantage of the ZFH mechanism, 2-DoF motions with final-level flexural amplification and decoupled motion guidance are achieved.



Analytical models of the stage are developed and validated through finite element analysis to characterize its working performance. Practical testing of a prototype stage is conducted to demonstrate the design process and to quantify its response characteristics.



Due to the utilized multi-level amplification, a practical amplification ratio of The decoupled output motion guidance feature of the stage makes it amenable for implementation in raster scanning type of measurements.



Case study of surface micro-waves in ultra-precision raster fly cutting. This study conducted a series of theoretical and experimental investigations to discover the origin of these microwaves and how they might be suppressed.



Research results show that: This research provides a deep insight into the formation of microwaves along with suggestion on how to suppress them. Question - Texmaker or microsoft-word?



I tried to use latex, and I think it would be better for preparing a paper. Alumina Al 2 O 3 is an extremely hard and brittle ceramic that is usually used as an abrasive or a cutting tool insert in manufacturing.



However, its growing applications in industrial products make it necessary to conduct a study of the machinability of alumina themselves with a cost effective and flexible method, rather than conventional diamond grinding or laser-assisted processing methods.



In this paper, polycrystalline diamond tools are used to investigate the machining of non-porous pure alumina by applying an inclined ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting IUEVC method.



Firstly, a theoretical analysis is presented to study the effects of the machining parameters on cutting performances during raster cutting procedures from the prospective of the material removal rate, tool-chip contact area, cutting edge angle, etc.



Then, experiments are carried out to investigate the cutting forces and the areal surface roughness S a in connection with the theoretically established relationships. A review of fly cutting applied to surface generation in ultra-precision machining.



Fly cutting in ultra-precision machining UPM, termed ultra-precision fly cutting UPFC, is an intermittent cutting process in which a diamond tool is mounted with a spindle to intermittently cut a workpiece.



General factors, such as cutting conditions, tool geometry, material factors material property change, material swelling and recovery, and material separation mechanism, kinematic and dynamic errors, assembling errors, cutting strategies, tool path, and workpiece geometry, are individual to UPFC and universal in UPM.



Accordingly, this paper focuses on the current investigation of fly cutting applied into surface generation in UPM. Conclusions are reached and the challenges and opportunities for further studies are discussed.



The RSV, as the tertiary cutting operation, is superimposed on the secondary fundamental rotary cutting motion to construct secondary nano-structures on the primary surface. Since the RSV system generally works at much higher frequencies and motion resolution than the primary and secondary motions, it leads to an inherent hierarchical cutting architecture.



Characterization of spatial parasitic motions of compliant mechanisms induced by manufacturing errors. This paper proposes a theoretical model for characterizing manufacturing error induced spatial parasitic motions MESPM of compliant mechanisms, and investigates the inherent statistic features of MESPM using Monte Carlo simulation.



It also applies and extends a novel finite beam based matrix modeling method to theoretically derive the elastic deformation behavior of an imperfect flexural linkage IFL, which is a basic element of a wide spectrum of compliant mechanisms.



A case study of a well-known double parallelogram compliant mechanism DPCM is also conducted, and the practical parasitic motions of a prototype DPCM are characterized by laser interferometer based measurements.



Virtual spindle based tool servo diamond turning of discontinuously structured microoptics arrays. We propose a virtual spindle based tool servo VSTS diamond turning method for the generation of discontinuously structured microoptics arrays.



Uniqueness of the VSTS is that a virtual spindle axis VSA is constructed at any specified position by combining the multiple translational and rotational servo motions of the machine tool.



Thereby, we can array the microstructure cell with a shape that can be generated in fast - or slow tool servo by controlling the VSA to sequentially pass through the centre of each cell.



Feasibility of this technique is demonstrated by fabricating discontinuous microoptics arrays on both planar and freeform surfaces. Novel end-fly-cutting-servo system for deterministic generation of hierarchical micro—nanostructures.



This paper reports on the diamond cutting based generation of hierarchical micro—nanostructures, which are conventionally difficult for both mechanical and non-mechanical methods to achieve.



In the EFCS system, an intricately shaped primary surface is generated by material removal, while the desired secondary nanostructures are simultaneously constructed using residual tool marks by actively controlling tool loci.



The potential of the EFCS system is demonstrated firstly by fabricating a nanostructured F-theta freeform surface and a nanostructured micro-aspheric array. By synthesizing the computer numerical control diamond machining and a 3 degree-of-freedom piezo-actuated nanovibrator, the SVDC mechanical nanomachining system with multiscale capability in both time and spatial domains is constructed.



Compliant linear-rotation motion transduction element based on novel spatial helical flexure hinge. In this paper, a novel sort of motion transduction elements MTEs with cylindrical helix structures are proposed for directly transforming a linear motion into a rotation.



To characterize the elastic deformation behaviors of the MTEs based on the novel spatial helical flexure hinges SHFHs, the finite beam based matrix modeling FBMM method is employed for calculation of its complete compliance matrix, and a transform ratio is defined to quantify its performances.



By means of three-dimensional printing, a prototype of MTE is rapidly produced. Active control of residual tool marks for freeform optics functionalization by novel biaxial servo assisted fly cutting.



Active control of the RTM from the two aspects, namely, undesired effect elimination or effective functionalization, are experimentally demonstrated by fabricating a typical F-theta freeform surface with scattering homogenization and two functional microstructures with imposition of secondary phase gratings integrating both reflective and diffractive functions.



Development of a novel type of hybrid non-symmetric flexure hinges. A novel type of hybrid non-symmetric flexure hinges NSFHs is developed for higher motion precision in this paper, then the finite beam based matrix modeling FBMM method is employed to describe elastic deformation behaviors, model compliance matrix, and define non-dimensional precision factors of the hybrid NSFHs.



Influences of the dimensional parameters on the dominant compliances and motion accuracies of the NSFHs are analytically investigated based on the FBMM models, while an asymmetry ratio is introduced and its influences on performances of the NSFHs are well revealed.



Moreover, making comparisons of the main performances between the proposed NSFHs and symmetric flexure hinges, the obtained results indicate that the hybrid NSFHs can greatly improve the motion accuracy and suppress the adverse inherent motions.



Finally, performances of the NSFHs and modeling accuracies are investigated by experimental tests, and making comparison with other flexure hinges. Adaptive tool servo diamond turning for enhancing machining efficiency and surface quality of freeform optics.



However, the currently adopted constant scheme for azimuth sampling and side-feeding motion possesses no adaptation to surface shape variation, leading to the non-uniform surface quality and low machining efficiency.



In the ATS, the sampling interval and the side-feeding motion are actively controlled at any cutting point to adapt the machining process to shape variation of the desired surface, making both the sampling induced interpolation error and the side-feeding induced residual tool mark be within the desired tolerances.



Characteristic of the required cutting motion suggests that besides the conventional z-axis servo motion, another servo motion along the x-axis synthesizing by the c-axis is mandatory for implementing the ATS.



Large-scale fabrication of micro-lens array by novel end-fly-cutting-servo diamond machining. However, it is still a challenge to process MLA in large scale due to certain inherent limitations of this technique.



In the present study, a novel ultra-precision diamond cutting method, as the end-fly-cutting-servo EFCS system, is adopted and investigated for large-scale generation of MLA. After a detailed discussion of the characteristic advantages for processing MLA, the optimal toolpath generation strategy for the EFCS is developed with consideration of the geometry and installation pose of the diamond tool.



A typical aspheric MLA over a large area is experimentally fabricated, and the resulting form accuracy, surface micro-topography and machining efficiency are critically investigated. The result indicates that the MLA with homogeneous quality over the whole area is obtained.



Besides, high machining efficiency, extremely small volume of control points for the toolpath, and optimal usage of system dynamics of the machine tool during the whole cutting can be simultaneously achieved.



A review of machine-tool vibration and its influence upon surface generation in ultra-precision machining. Vibration in ultra-precision machining UPM is an intrinsic physical phenomenon, which is a key factor influencing surface generation.



With a focus on passive vibration, this paper reviews the latest research into vibration characteristics and the effect of vibration on surface generation in UPM. The opportunities and challenges facing researchers are also discussed and suggestions are made for future related studies.



It is found that active vibration can possibly be employed to improve surface quality influenced by passive vibration in UPM. A review of surface roughness generation in ultra-precision machining.



Ultra-precision machining UPM is capable of manufacturing a high quality surface at a nanometric surface roughness. For such high quality surface in a UPM process, due to the machining complexity any variable would be possible to deteriorate surface quality, consequently receiving much attention and interest.



The general factors are summarized as machine tool, cutting conditions, tool geometry, environmental conditions, material property, chip formation, tool wear, vibration etc. This paper aims to review the current state of the art in studying the surface roughness formation and the factors influencing surface roughness in UPM.



Firstly, the surface roughness characteristics in UPM is introduced. Then in UPM, a wide variety of factors for surface roughness are then reviewed in detail and the mechanism of surface roughness formation is concluded thoroughly.



Finally, the challenges and opportunities faced by industry and academia are discussed and several principle conclusions are drawn. Evolutionary diamond turning of optics for error correction covering a wide spatial spectrum.



To improve the quality of diamond turned optics, it is necessary to employ a laborious postprocess-ing approach. However, the approach is often very hard to implement on freeform surfaces, and it greatly decreases the processing efficiency even for simple optics.



An evolutionary diamond turning method is first proposed to comprehensively improve the quality of the turned optics. The evolutionary goal is to attenuate the peak value of the power spectral density of residual tool marks, and the special mutation point is observed during the evolution.



Taking advantage of the modulation operation of a diamond tool in the spatial frequency domain, form accuracy, surface roughness, and surface reflectivity are all significantly improved, demonstrating the superiority of the EDT method for optics fabrication.



The root causes for the change trend of the cutting force has been explained by observing the change and the motion of the lattice structure in the copper workpieces. The size effect of the surface texture on the cutting force has been analyzed during the whole cutting process, and compare with cutting the smooth surface texture, the analyzing results showed that: The mathematical model of the cutting force has been built, and it pretty described the size effect of the surface texture on the cutting force and the nonlinear relationship between the surface roughness and the cutting force.



The limited degrees of freedom DOFs of servo motions is an inherent deficiency in conventional, fast-tool-servo - FTS - assisted, diamond-turning, highly blocking applications of the FTS technique.



A piezoelectrically actuated 2-DOF FTS mechanism is developed to enable the cutting tool to move along two directions with decoupled motions. A novel guidance flexural mechanism constructed using the newly proposed Z-shaped flexure hinges ZFHs is introduced to generate motions along the z-axis, which is based on the bending deformation of the beams of the ZFHs.



Additionally, using the differential moving principle DMP, bi-directional motions in the x-axis direction can be achieved. Using the matrix-based compliance modeling method, the kinematics of the mechanism are analytically described, and the dynamics are also modeled using the Lagrangian principle.



The theoretical results are then verified using finite element analysis FEA. Certain increases in performances over conventional two-DOF flexural mechanisms are achieved: The cutting results demonstrate not only the superiority of the concept but also the efficiency of the developed 2-DOF FTS system.



The two-degree-of-freedom flexural mechanism is developed with the parallel-kinematic constraint map method to achieve totally geometric decoupling and the actuator isolation.



By means of the matrix which is based on compliance modeling method, the compliance matrix of the flexural mechanism has been analytically derived and then the obtained theoretical results are verified by the finite element analysis.



Experiment tests are conducted to investigate the practical performances of the developed two-degree-of-freedom flexural mechanism. The experimental results show that the maximum stroke along z-axis and y-stroke are The first obtained resonant frequencies in the two moving directions are and Hz through the method of swept excitations, respectively.



A simple compliance modeling method for flexure hinges. Various types of flexure hinges have been introduced and implemented in a variety of fields due to their superior performances. However, all these methods require prior-knowledge of the beam theory and need to execute laborious integration operations for each term of the compliance matrix, thus highly decreasing the modeling efficiency and blocking practical applications of the modeling methods.



In this paper, a novel finite beam based matrix modeling FBMM method is proposed to numerically obtain compliance matrices of flexure hinges with various shapes.



The main concept of the method is to treat flexure hinges as serial connections of finite micro-beams, and the shearing and torsion effects of the hinges are especially considered to enhance the modeling accuracy.



By means of matrix calculations, complete compliance matrices of flexure hinges can be derived effectively in one calculation process. A large number of numerical calculations are conducted for various types of flexure hinges with different shapes, and the results are compared with the ones obtained by conventional modeling methods.



It demonstrates that the proposed modeling method is not only efficient but also accurate, and it is a more universal and more robust tool for describing elastic behavior of flexure hinges.



Development of pseudo-random diamond turning method for fabricating freeform optics with scattering homogenization. In this paper, a novel pseudo-random diamond turning PRDT method is proposed for the fabrication of freeform optics with scattering homogenization by means of actively eliminating the inherent periodicity of the residual tool marks.



The strategy for accurately determining the spiral toolpath with pseudo-random vibration modulation is deliberately explained. Spatial geometric calculation method is employed to determine the toolpath in consideration of cutting tool geometries, and an iteration algorithm is further introduced to enhance the computation efficiency.



Taking advantage of a novel surface topography generation algorithm, theoretical surfaces generated by using the calculated toolpaths are obtained, the accuracy of the toolpath generation and the efficiency of the PRDT method for breaking up the inherent periodicity of tool marks are examined.



A series of preliminary cutting experiments are carried out to verify the efficiency of the proposed PRDT method, the experimental results obtained are in good agreement with the results obtained by numerical simulation.



In addition, the results of scattering experiments indicate that the proposed PRDT method will be a very promising technique to achieve the scattering homogenization of machined surfaces with complicated shapes.



Accurately modeling the dynamic behaviors of fast tool servo FTS is one of the key issues in the ultraprecision positioning of the cutting tool. To identify the parameters of the LPM, a novel Opposition-based Self-adaptive Replacement Differential Evolution OSaRDE algorithm is proposed which has been proved to have a faster convergence mechanism without compromising with the quality of solution and outperform than similar evolution algorithms taken for consideration.



All the results verify the efficiency and superiority of the proposed modeling and identification approaches. Development of a novel sort of exponent-sine-shaped flexure hinges.



Various types of flexure hinges have been developed to construct flexural mechanisms, however, all these hinges may have limited moving accuracies, blocking performance improvements of the flexural mechanisms.



In this paper, a novel sort of exponent-sine-shaped flexure hinges ESSFHs with asymmetric structures is proposed to achieve much higher motion accuracy. To characterize elastic deformation behavior of the ESSFHs, a novel finite beam based matrix modeling FBMM method is employed to calculate the compliance matrix and the defined non-dimensional precision factors without executing laborious integration operations.



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The main types of appliances that are recycled are T. Traditional Chinese characters — Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong.



Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities.



Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text.



They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters.



Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan.



Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting.



In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government. This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage.



In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters.



Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters.



A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world.



It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters.



The pinyin system was developed in the s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in In, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language.



Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese.



One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu.



A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts.



The Wade—Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets.



Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks.



The city has about 4. It had an area of 9. The planned area was 3 km2, the zone was considered suitable for companies focusing on electronics, auto parts, textiles and chemicals.



Huizhou Zhongkai HIDZ has established electronics, information technology and optical-, mechanical - and it also encourages investment in new materials, telecommunications, and other high-tech industries.



The zone is one of the National Electronic Information Industry Bases and National Video, the zone has attracted many large multinational companies. Huizhou is served by the Jingjiu Railway with two stations, Huizhou West and Huizhou, the town is about a two-hour drive by bus from Shenzhen Baoan International Airport.



A mass rapid transit linking it to Shenzhen was under construction as of, the main language spoken by the local people in Huizhou is Huizhou dialect as well as Hakka.



As more newcomers from the other come to work in Huizhou. There are nearly islands and reefs in the bay, the climate is described as a typical subtropical oceanic climate, with temperatures averaging Beach Spa Huizhous seashore hot springs are filled with geothermal minerals, sea-level city The Sea city was built in the 18th year of the Ming dynasty, under the Hongwu Emperor, giving it a history of over years.



It is found south of the Five Ridges, Elephant Head Mountain Elephant head mountain scenic area is located in the south of Boluo County,18 kilometres from the Huizhou city area, and covers an area of 33 km2.



It was formed of rock in the Cretaceous period and has a main peak of meters above sea level. The mountain bedrock forms a stone egg landscape. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are among the most populous, the population increase since the census has been modest, the province at end had,, people.



Guangdong and neighbouring Guangxi literally mean expanse east and expanse west, together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called Loeng gwong. The local people of the city of Guangzhou and their language are commonly referred to as Cantonese in English.



Because of the prestige of Canton and its accent, Cantonese sensu lato can also be used for the phylogenetically related residents, Chinese administration and reliable historical records in the region began with the Qin dynasty.



After establishing the first unified Chinese empire, the Qin expanded southwards and set up Nanhai Commandery at Panyu, the region was independent as Nanyue between the fall of Qin and the reign of Emperor Wu of Han.



As more migrants arrived, the population was gradually assimilated to Han Chinese culture or displaced. Multiple women originating from the Persian Gulf lived in Guangzhous foreign quarter, together with Guangxi, Guangdong was made part of Lingnan Circuit, or Mountain-South Circuit, in during the Tang dynasty.



As Mongols from the north engaged in their conquest of China in the 13th century, the Battle of Yamen in Guangdong marked the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. During the Mongol Yuan dynasty, large parts of current Guangdong belonged to Jiangxi and its present name, Guangdong Province was given in early Ming dynasty.



Since the 16th century, Guangdong has had extensive links with the rest of the world. China — China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.



China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia.



The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14, kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas.



China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War.



The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory.



China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies.



As of, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army.



Security Council in The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. Television set — A television set, more commonly called a television, TV, TV set, television receiver, or telly, is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers for the purpose of viewing television.



Introduced in the late s in mechanical form, television became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form. The addition of color to broadcast television after further increased the popularity of television sets in the s, the ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the s, such as Betamax, VHS and later DVD.



It was also the display device for the first generation of home computers, in the s flat panel television incorporating liquid-crystal displays, especially LED-backlit LCDs, largely replaced cathode ray tubes and other displays.



Mechanical televisions were sold from to in the United Kingdom, United States. The Baird Televisor is considered the first mass-produced television, selling about a thousand units, the first commercially made electronic televisions with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in, followed by other makers in France, Britain, and America.



About 7, —8, electronic sets were made in the U. In Britain, there were 15, television households in,1. The production of plasma and CRT displays has been almost completely discontinued, the cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns and a fluorescent screen used to view images.



It has a means to accelerate and deflect the beam onto the screen to create the images. The images may represent electrical waveforms, pictures, radar targets or others, the CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large, deep, fairly heavy, and relatively fragile.



As a matter of safety, the face is made of thick lead glass so as to be highly shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions. In television sets and computer monitors, the front area of the tube is scanned repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster.



Smartphone — A smartphone is a mobile phone with an advanced mobile operating system that combines features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use.



In, the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country, smartphones became widespread in the late s. Most of those produced from onward have high-speed mobile broadband 4G LTE, motion sensors, in the third quarter of, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide.



Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for regular cell phones in early, devices that combined telephony and computing were first conceptualized by Nikola Tesla in and Theodore Paraskevakos in and patented in, and were offered for sale beginning in Paraskevakos was the first to introduce the concepts of intelligence, data processing and they were installed at Peoples Telephone Company in Leesburg, Alabama and were demonstrated to several telephone companies.



The original and historic working models are still in the possession of Paraskevakos, the first mobile phone to incorporate PDA features was a prototype developed by Frank Canova in while at IBM and demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show.



It included PDA features and other mobile applications such as maps, stock reports. A refined version was marketed to consumers in by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator, the Simon was the first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a smartphone, although it was not called that in The two components were attached by a hinge in what known as a clamshell design, with the display above.



The PDA provided e-mail, calendar, address book, calculator and notebook applications, text-based Web browsing, when closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular phone. The first device marketed as a smartphone, it combined the functions of a phone and PDA.



Mobile phone — A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the systems of a mobile phone operator.



Most modern mobile telephone services use a network architecture, and, therefore. Mobile phones which offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F.



Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in, using a handset weighing c. In, the DynaTAC x was the first commercially available mobile phone. In first quarter of, the top smartphone manufacturers were Samsung, Apple, a handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering.



In, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a pocket-size folding telephone with a thin carbon microphone. Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships, the race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries.



These 0G systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and this was followed in by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden.



Several other countries followed in the early to mids. These first-generation systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology, in, the DynaTAC x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone.



This was followed by 3. By, it had become clear that, at point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies.



Air conditioning — Air conditioning is the process of removing heat from a confined space, thus cooling the air, and removing humidity. Air conditioning can be used in domestic and commercial environments.



Air conditioners often use a fan to distribute the air to an occupied space such as a building or a car to improve thermal comfort. The cooling is achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used.



Air conditioning systems can also be based on desiccants and subterraneous pipes that can distribute the heated refrigerant to the ground for cooling. In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that modifies the condition of air, in common usage, though, air conditioning refers to systems which cool air.



In construction, a system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as heating, ventilation. Since prehistoric times, snow and ice were used for cooling, the business of harvesting ice during winter and storing for use in summer became popular towards the late 17th century.



This practice was replaced by mechanical ice-making machines, the basic concept behind air conditioning is said to have been applied in ancient Egypt, where reeds were hung in windows and were moistened with trickling water.



The evaporation of water cooled the air blowing through the window and this process also made the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate. In Ancient Rome, water from aqueducts was circulated through the walls of houses to cool them.



Other techniques in medieval Persia involved the use of cisterns and wind towers to cool buildings during the hot season. The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han Dynasty invented a fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m in diameter.



During the subsequent Song Dynasty, written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used, in the 17th century, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated Turning Summer into Winter for James I of England by adding salt to water.



The introduction of air conditioning in the s helped enable the great migration to the Sun Belt in the United States. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that evaporation of volatile liquids could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water.



Washing machine — A washing machine is a machine used to wash laundry, such as clothing and sheets. The term is applied to machines that use water as opposed to dry cleaning or ultrasonic cleaners. Laundry detergent is used to clean clothes, and is sold in either powdered or liquid form.



Laundering by hand involves soaking, beating, scrubbing, and rinsing dirty textiles, Water for the laundry would be hand carried, heated on a fire for washing, then poured into the tub. That made the warm soapy water precious, it would be reused, first to wash the least soiled clothing, removal of soap and water from the clothing after washing was originally a separate process.



First, soap would be rinsed out with clear water, after rinsing, the soaking wet clothing would be formed into a roll and twisted by hand to extract water. The entire process often occupied an entire day of hard work, Clothes washer technology developed as a way to reduce the manual labor spent, providing an open basin or sealed container with paddles or fingers to automatically agitate the clothing.



The earliest machines were hand-operated and constructed from wood, while later machines made of metal permitted a fire to burn below the washtub, the earliest special-purpose mechanical washing device was the washboard, invented in by Nathaniel Briggs of New Hampshire.



By the mids steam-driven commercial laundry machinery were on sale in the UK, technological advances in machinery for commercial and institutional washers proceeded faster than domestic washer design for several decades, especially in the UK.



In the United States there was emphasis on developing machines for washing at home, though machines for commercial laundry services were widely used in the late 19th. The rotary washing machine was patented by Hamilton Smith in, as electricity was not commonly available until at least, some early washing machines were operated by a low-speed, single-cylinder hit-and-miss gasoline engine.



As implied by the term mangle, these machines were quite dangerous, especially if powered. A users fingers, hand, arm, or hair could become entangled in the laundry being squeezed, resulting in injuries, unwary bystanders, such as children, could also be caught.



Safer mechanisms were developed over time, and the more hazardous designs were eventually outlawed, the mangle used two rollers under spring tension to squeeze water out of clothing and household linen.



Each laundry item would be fed through the wringer separately, the first wringers were hand-cranked, but were eventually included as a powered attachment above the washer tub. The wringer would be swung over the wash tub so that extracted wash water would fall back into the tub to be reused for the next load, the modern process of water removal by spinning did not come into use until electric motors were developed.



Spinning requires a constant high-speed power source, and was originally done in a device known as an extractor. Refrigerator — Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique in developed countries.



The lower temperature lowers the rate of bacteria, so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage. A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the point of water.



A similar device that maintains a temperature below the point of water is called a freezer. The refrigerator replaced the icebox, which had been a household appliance for almost a century.



For this reason, a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an icebox in American usage, the first cooling systems for food involved using ice. Artificial refrigeration began in the mids, and developed in the early s, in, the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system was built.



The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in, in, refrigerators for home use were invented. In Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit, the introduction of Freon in the s expanded the refrigerator market during the s.



Home freezers as separate compartments were introduced in, frozen foods, previously a luxury item, became commonplace. Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce, commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models.



Most households use the style, which has been the basic style since the s. A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, refrigerator—freezers and freezers, newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting, chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door.



Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes, among the smallest is a 4 L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer.



A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of L. Refrigerators and freezers may be free-standing, the refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before.



Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure, before the invention of the refrigerator, icehouses were used to provide cool storage for most of the year. Placed near freshwater lakes or packed snow and ice during the winter.



It is divided into smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency.



A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U.



Section prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section as legal tender in payment of debts.



The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar.



The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section of Title 31 of the United States Code.



The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales.



In the U. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation.



In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common.



The Alcatel brand was licensed by Alcatel-Lucent to TCL for mobile phones and devices, when Nokia acquired the assets of Alcatel-Lucent in, this also included licensing agreements for the Alcatel brand.



Since then, Alcatel became a wholly owned group of TCL. The first Alcatel phone was the OT Easy HF and it was released in, and had a battery standby life of up to hours. The company was responsible for the first versions of webOS, the first multitasking operating system for smartphones, and enyo.



Palm, headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, was responsible for products including the Pre and Pixi as well as the Treo. In June, U. Robotics was acquired by 3Com, in June, the founders became unhappy with the direction in which 3Com was taking the company, and left to found Handspring.



PalmSource was then spun off from Palm as an independent company, in October, the hardware division of the company merged with Handspring, was renamed to palmOne, Inc. In July, palmOne launched its new name and brand, reverting to Palm, Inc.



On January 4,, Palm released the Palm Treo w, Palm CEO Ed Colligan acknowledged that We were approached by larger parties over the last six months, and the reality is that we thought this was the best outcome for our business and our investors.



Simplified Chinese characters — Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China.



Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of the two character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the s and s in an attempt to increase literacy and they are officially used in the Peoples Republic of China and Singapore.



Traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong, Macau. Overseas Chinese communities generally tend to use traditional characters, Simplified Chinese characters may be referred to by their official name above or colloquially.



Strictly, the latter refers to simplifications of character structure or body, character forms that have existed for thousands of years alongside regular, Simplified character forms were created by decreasing the number of strokes and simplifying the forms of a sizable proportion of traditional Chinese characters.



Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms embodying graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms, some characters were simplified by applying regular rules, for example, by replacing all occurrences of a certain component with a simplified version of the component.



Variant characters with the pronunciation and identical meaning were reduced to a single standardized character. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification, and are identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies.



Some simplified characters are very dissimilar to and unpredictably different from traditional characters and this often leads opponents not well-versed in the method of simplification to conclude that the overall process of character simplification is also arbitrary.



In reality, the methods and rules of simplification are few, on the other hand, proponents of simplification often flaunt a few choice simplified characters as ingenious inventions, when in fact these have existed for hundreds of years as ancient variants.



However, the Chinese government never officially dropped its goal of further simplification in the future, in August, the PRC began collecting public comments for a modified list of simplified characters.



The new Table of General Standard Chinese Characters consisting of 8, characters was promulgated by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on June 5,, cursive written text almost always includes character simplification.



Simplified forms used in print have always existed, they date back to as early as the Qin dynasty, One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lubi Kui, who proposed in that simplified characters should be used in education.



In the years following the May Fourth Movement in, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China, Traditional culture and values such as Confucianism were challenged.



Soon, people in the Movement started to cite the traditional Chinese writing system as an obstacle in modernising China and it was suggested that the Chinese writing system should be either simplified or completely abolished.



Fu Sinian, a leader of the May Fourth Movement, called Chinese characters the writing of ox-demons, lu Xun, a renowned Chinese author in the 20th century, stated that, If Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die.



Recent commentators have claimed that Chinese characters were blamed for the problems in China during that time. The Hong Kong securities market can be traced back to, but the market was formally set up in There were subsequently calls for the formation of a stock exchange.



The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited was incorporated in, since, a number of major developments have taken place. The market crash revealed flaws in the market and led to calls for a reform of the Hong Kong securities industry.



This led to significant regulatory changes and infrastructural developments, as a result, the Securities and Futures Commission was set up in as the single statutory securities market regulator.



The Exchange Listing Rules have been made more comprehensive, and other existing regulations have been improved or new regulations introduced to market development.



It will provide enhanced functionality and a platform for a transaction process. On 2 April, a new trading hall is opened, on 12 November, the Tracker Fund of Hong Kong, created by government intervention during the Asian financial crisis, had its introduction on the exchange.



The opening price of a security is reported shortly after 9,20 am, a morning continuous trading session from 09,30 am to 12,00 pm. An extended morning session from 12,00 noon to 1,00 pm, continuous trading proceeds in specifically-designated securities.



Trading in other securities is not possible, however, previously-placed orders in any securities can be cancelled from 1,00 pm onwards. An afternoon continuous trading session from 1,00 pm to 4,00 pm, the closing price is reported as the median of five price snapshots taken from 3,59 to 4,00 pm every 15 seconds.



Sellers of such goods may infringe on either the trade mark, the term knockoff is often used interchangeably with counterfeit, although their legal meanings are not identical.



A knockoff is a term which describes products that copy or imitate the physical appearance of other products. They may, or may not, be illegal under trademark laws, such products are considered illegal when they are intended to confuse consumers.



According to the OECD, counterfeit products encompass all products made to imitate the appearance of the product of another as to mislead consumers. Those can include the production and distribution of products that are protected by intellectual property rights, such as copyright, trade marks.



Counterfeiters illegally copy trademarks, which manufacturers have built up based on marketing investments, in many cases, different types of infringements overlap, unauthorized music copying mostly infringes copyright as well as trade marks, fake toys infringe design protection.



The term counterfeiting therefore addresses the issues of copying packaging, labelling. Rayban, Rolex, and Louis Vuitton are the most copied brands worldwide, with Nike being the most counterfeited brand globally according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.



Others realize that most consumers do not care if the goods they buy are counterfeit, the popularity of designer jeans in, spurred a flood of knockoffs. Factories that manufacture counterfeit designer brand garments and watches are usually located in developing countries, international tourists visiting Beijing, China, may find a wide selection of counterfeit designer brand garments at the Silk Street.



Expensive watches are vulnerable to counterfeiting as well, some counterfeiters have began to manufacture their goods in the same factory as the authentic goods. Yuandan goods is a used to describe those fakes that are produced in the same factory as legitimate designer pieces without authorized permission to do so.



These goods are made from scraps and leftover materials from the products, produced illegally. Ltd, is a Japanese multinational electronics company that manufactures electronic materials, electronic components and its motto is Contribute to culture and industry through creativity.



TDK was founded in Tokyo, Japan, on 7 December to manufacture the iron-based magnetic material ferrite, in and they began production of magnetic tapes, with compact cassette tapes following in, it is for these that the company is most widely noted.



The SA and D lines were withdrawn in under Imation ownership, industry trends see the company moving into new forms of media, in TDK was the first media manufacturer to join the companies developing BD post-DVD technology.



TDK operated a division in California for about a decade. This also included a license to use the TDK Life on Record brand on data storage, in September, Imation announced that it had agreed to relinquish this license and would cease selling TDK-branded products by the end of the year.



The screen is placed under that of Toshiba and can be seen during the annual Times Square New Years Ball Drop, the award was given to the band moe. On January 27,, the changed its name to Technicolor SA.



In, Thomson Consumer Electronics was formed, and then renamed Thomson SA, in, the French government split the consumer electronics from the defense businesses of Thomson Multimedia and Thomson-CSF prior to privatization in The company then went through a series of transactions, including with Marconi plc, in, Thomson bought Cirpack and Inventel.



Thomson then purchased the Moving Picture Company from ITV and the internet startup Singingfish, in, Thomson increased its stake in the Bangalore, India based company Celstream Technologies, which specializes in product engineering.



Cirpack, a manufacturer, was incorporated and acquired in April Alcatel-Lucent — Alcatel-Lucent S. As of January, the company is part of Nokia, the company focused on fixed, mobile and converged networking hardware, IP technologies, software and services, with operations in more than countries.



Alcatel-Lucents chief executive officer was Michel Combes and the chairman of the board was Philippe Camus. However, the predecessors of the company have been a part of industry since the late 19th century.



Barton started a manufacturing firm based in Cleveland, Ohio. By, the company had relocated to Chicago, Illinois, CGE would become a leader in digital communications and would also be known for producing the TGV high-speed trains in France.



In April, TCL Corporation and Alcatel announced the creation of a mobile phone manufacturing joint venture, facing intense competition in the telecommunications industry, Alcatel and Lucent Technologies merged on November 30, Through extremely complicated ownership structure with some circular ownership, it is the division of the Samsung Group.



It is the second largest information technology company by revenue. Samsung Electronics has assembly plants and sales networks in 80 countries, since, Kwon Oh-hyun has served as the companys CEO.



It is the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones and smartphones fueled by the popularity of its Samsung Galaxy line of devices, Samsung has been the worlds largest television manufacturer since, and the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones since Samsung Electronics is a part of the South Korean economy.



Samsung Electric Industries was established as an industry Samsung Group in in Suwon and its early products were electronic and electrical appliances including televisions, calculators, refrigerators, air conditioners and washing machines.



In, Samsung Group established another subsidiary, Samsung-NEC, jointly with Japans NEC Corporation to manufacture home appliances, in, the group expanded into the semiconductor business by acquiring Korea Semiconductor, one of the first chip-making facilities in the country at the time.



The acquisition of Korea Telecommunications, a switching system producer, was completed at the start of the next decade in By, Samsung Electric Industries had manufactured over 10 million black-and-white televisions, one year later, Samsung became the third company in the world to develop a 64 kb DRAM.



Samsung Electronics launched its first mobile phone in, in the South Korean market, sales were initially poor and by the early s, Motorola held a market share of over 60 percent in the countrys mobile phone market compared to just 10 percent for Samsung.



Samsungs mobile phone division also struggled with poor quality and inferior products until the mids, Lee Kun-Hee decided that Samsung needed to change strategy. The company shelved the production of many under-selling product lines and instead pursued a process of designing and manufacturing components, in addition, Samsung outlined a year plan to shrug off its image as a budget brand and to challenge Sony as the worlds largest consumer electronics manufacturer.



It was hoped in this way Samsung would gain an understanding of how products are made and this patient vertical integration strategy of manufacturing components has borne fruit for Samsung in the lates.



As Samsung shifted away from markets, the company devised a plan to sponsor major sporting events. One such sponsorship was for the Winter Olympics held in Nagano, Samsung had a number of technological breakthroughs, particularly in the field of memory which are commonplace in most electrical products today.



In, Samsung Electronics surpassed its Japanese rival, Sony, for the first time to become the worlds twentieth-largest and most popular consumer brand, in, Samsung Electronics became the worlds second-largest mobile-phone maker, overtaking Motorola for the first time.



Shenzhen — Shenzhen is a major city in Guangdong Province, China and one of the five largest and wealthiest cities of China. The city is located north of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and holds sub-provincial administrative status.



Shenzhen was a town of 30, people on the route of the Kowloon—Canton Railway. According to the Government report for, Shenzhen had transformed into a city with a population of 10,,, Shenzhen was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world during the s and the s.



Shenzhen is a financial center in southern China. It also has one of the busiest container ports in the world, human habitation in Shenzhen dates back to ancient times.



The earliest archaeological remains so far unearthed are shards from a site at Xiantouling on Dapeng Bay, from the Han dynasty onwards, the area around Shenzhen was a center of the salt monopoly, thus meriting special Imperial protection.



Salt pans are still visible around the Pearl River area to the west of the city and are commemorated in the name of Yantian District, the settlement at Nantou was the political center of the area from early antiquity.



As well as being a center of the politically and fiscally critical salt trade, the main shipping route to India, Arabia and the Byzantine Empire started at Guangzhou. As early as the century, chronicles record the Nantou area as being a major commercial center.



It was also as a defense center guarding the southern approaches to the Pearl River. Shenzhen was also involved in the surrounding the end of the Southern Song dynasty.



In the late 19th century the Chiu or Zhao clan in Hong Kong identified that Chiwan, the tomb, since restored, is still at the same location. Grauman's Chinese Theatre — Originally known as Graumans Chinese Theatre, it was renamed Manns Chinese Theatre in, the name lasted until, after which it reverted to its original name.



The original Chinese Theatre was commissioned following the success of the nearby Graumans Egyptian Theatre, built by a partnership headed by Sid Grauman over 18 months starting in January, the theatre opened May 18,, with the premiere of Cecil B.



DeMilles film The King of Kings and it has since been home to many premieres, including the launch of George Lucas Star Wars, as well as birthday parties, corporate junkets, and three Academy Awards ceremonies.



Toberman to secure a lease on property at Hollywood Blvd. The principal architect of the Chinese Theatre was Raymond M. Kennedy, during construction, Grauman hired Jean Klossner to formulate an extremely hard concrete for the forecourt of the theatre.



Klossner later became known as Mr. Footprint, performing the footprint ceremonies from through, many stories exist to explain the origins of the footprints. The theatres official account in its books and souvenir programs credit Norma Talmadge as having inspired the tradition when she stepped into the wet concrete.



While we were building the theatre, I accidentally happened to step in some soft concrete, so, I went to Mary Pickford immediately. Mary put her foot into it and his autograph and handprint, dated, remain today.



The theatres third founding partner, Douglas Fairbanks, was the celebrity, after Talmadge. In, Sid Grauman decided to retire and sell his share to William Foxs Fox Theatres chain, Grauman remained as the theatres managing director for the entire run of Hells Angels, retiring once again after its run finished.



Walter Bantau, for the Hollywood Footprint Ceremonies. Tartaglia performed his first ceremony as a Master Mason for Jean Simmons in, for the premiere of The Robe, the Chinese Theatre was declared a historic and cultural landmark in, and has undergone various restoration projects in the years since then.



Hollywood — Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. Hollywood was a community in and was incorporated as a municipality in It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in, in, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area.



By, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood.



The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage.



The electromechanical model of the FTS system is established by combining the piezoelectric actuator and flexure hinge mechanism for the formulation of the control methodology.



In order to accommodate the system nonlinearity, cutting force disturbances as well as to realize fast and accurate tracking of designated tool path required for diamond machining of freeform surfaces, a novel adaptive terminal sliding mode NATS control strategy capable of online self-tuning of the system gain and reach time related parameters are developed.



Stability analysis of the proposed NATS controller is performed. The convergence behavior of tracking error in the presence of model parameter variations and cutting force disturbance is analyzed.



Experimental verification was conducted to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the NATS control. By comparing with other related control methods, it shows significantly improved performance.



The percentage of tracking error was only 0. Taking advantages of the excellent tracking performances of the FTS prototype on a diamond turning machine, various freeform surfaces were successfully produced with high quality.



A new diamond machining approach for extendable fabrication of micro-freeform lens array. Fast tool servo diamond turning is conventionally a spiral path-based process widely used to efficiently fabricate non-rotationally symmetric surfaces with ultra-fine accuracy.



However, the technique is naturally restricted by the demanding bandwidth and resolution requirements, which are directly related to the complexity and size of the machining surface.



Moreover, non-smooth trajectories required for machining complex lens array with discontinuities, due to overlapping sharp edges, induce vibrations causing the surface quality to deteriorate, and adding additional barriers to using this conventional technique in broader applications.



In this paper, a new diamond machining approach is proposed to address its inherent drawbacks. Using the new method, complex lens array consisting of arbitrary lenslet shapes could be fabricated in an extendable way without the typical limitations.



Theoretical investigations of the unique cutting kinematics, motion determination, servo synchronization and compensation will be carried out. The experimental fabrication of hexagonal micro-sphere lens array, micro-freeform lens array, as well as seamlessly stitched sinusoidal surface with quadrupled areas was highly consistent and aligned with the theoretical predictions, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the new approach and its potential for broader applications.



Modeling of the effects of phase shift on cutting performance in elliptical vibration cutting. In the elliptical vibration cutting process, the elliptical locus is considered to be a vital factor that affects cutting performance.



Besides the cutting speed and vibration amplitudes, the phase shift i. In this paper, a numerical recursive search method is proposed to investigate the effect of phase shift in elliptical vibration cutting.



It has been shown that the critical speed ratio for considerably improving the cutting performance has a sinusoidal correlation with the phase shift. For elliptical loci with arbitrary shapes, the developed model theoretically predicts the maximal influential thickness of cut, surface roughness, and the tool-workpiece contact ratio as a function of phase shifts.



Experiments were conducted to validate the developed model through the evaluation of the machined surface profile, roughness, and dynamic cutting force. The obtained results offer a method to determine the proper machining variables in cutting hard and brittle materials during the elliptical vibration cutting process with an arbitrary locus.



This paper presents a novel two dimensional vibration-assisted compliant cutting system 2D VCCS to be used on conventional machines for generating textured surfaces with uniform and accurate topography.



The proposed system is specifically designed to be capable of delivering high-amplitude vibrations with decoupled guidance at the tool tip, while keeping high resistance to cutting forces during the texturing process.



The matrix-based compliance modeling method is adopted for compliance and dynamic modeling of the 2D VCCS. With optimized structural parameters, the model is validated by theoretical and finite element analysis.



On-machine performance tests were conducted to identify the vibration amplitudes, stiffness, and frequency responses of the device. Finally, various complex textured surfaces were uniformly and accurately generated by the high-performance 2D VCCS using a V-shaped diamond tool.



The actually textured surfaces were evaluated and shown that they closely match the theoretically predicted surfaces based on the in-process monitored parameters, demonstrating the great potential of the 2D VCCS to create functional surfaces for industrial products.



Question - Is there any collected information on the speed of different journals either time to first decision or time from acceptance to appearance online?



Design, modeling, analysis and testing of a novel piezo-actuated XY compliant mechanism for large workspace nano - positioning. In this paper, a new piezo-actuated XY parallel compliant mechanism for large workspace nano-positioning with decoupled motions is developed by incorporating a novel Z-shaped flexure hinge ZFH - based mechanism into the mirror-symmetrically distributed structure.



The bridge-type mechanism and two-stage leverage mechanisms serve as preliminary displacement amplifiers, while further amplification with motion transfer and decoupled output motions are achieved by means of the ZFH mechanism.



Based on finite element theory, a high-precision analytical model of the XY compliant mechanism is established by considering all the connecting linkages as flexible components. Through the improved differential evolution algorithm, the optimized compliant mechanism is capable of performing millimeter-scale workspace nano-positioning with decoupled motions.



In addition, the input displacement unbalance, resulting from the lateral force which has potential to damage the piezoelectric actuators, is markedly lowered to a negligible value.



The performance of the fabricated compliant mechanism with optimized parameters is investigated to well agree with both the analytical model and ANSYS simulation. In addition, based on the inverse kinematics derived from the model and experimental results, different elliptical vibration trajectories are accurately acquired.



Redundantly piezo-actuated XY z compliant mechanism for nano-positioning featuring simple kinematics, bi-directional motion and enlarged workspace. By means of differential motion principle, linearized kinematics and physically bi-directional motions in all the three directions are achieved.



Meanwhile, the decoupled delivering of three-directional independent motions at the output end is accessible, and the essential parallel and mirror symmetric configuration guarantees large output stiffness, high natural frequencies, high accuracy as well as high structural compactness of the mechanism.



Modeling and analysis of uncertainty in on-machine form characterization of diamond - machined optical micro-structured surfaces. Ultra-precision diamond machining is widely used in the manufacture of optical micro-structured surfaces with sub-micron form accuracy.



As optical performance is highly-dependent on surface form accuracy, it is critically important to use reliable form characterization methods for surface quality control. To ascertain the characteristics of real machined surfaces, a reliable on-machine spiral scanning approach with high fidelity is presented in this paper.



However, since many uncertainty contributors that lead to significant variations in the characterization results are unavoidable, an error analysis model is developed to identify the associated uncertainties to facilitate the reliable quantification of the demanding specifications of the manufactured surfaces.



To accomplish this, both the diamond machining process and the on-machine spiral scanning procedure are investigated. Through the proposed model, via the Monte Carlo method, the estimation of form error parameters of a compound eye lens array is conducted in correlation with form deviations, scanning centering errors, measurement drift and noise, etc.



Application experiments, using an on-machine scanning tunneling microscope, verify the proposed model and also confirm its potential superiority over the conventional off-machine raster scanning method for surface characterization and quality control.



The mirror symmetric stage consists of four leverage mechanisms, two Scott-Russell mechanisms, and a Z-shaped flexure hinge ZFH mechanism. Taking advantage of the ZFH mechanism, 2-DoF motions with final-level flexural amplification and decoupled motion guidance are achieved.



Analytical models of the stage are developed and validated through finite element analysis to characterize its working performance. Practical testing of a prototype stage is conducted to demonstrate the design process and to quantify its response characteristics.



Due to the utilized multi-level amplification, a practical amplification ratio of The decoupled output motion guidance feature of the stage makes it amenable for implementation in raster scanning type of measurements.



Case study of surface micro-waves in ultra-precision raster fly cutting. This study conducted a series of theoretical and experimental investigations to discover the origin of these microwaves and how they might be suppressed.



Research results show that: This research provides a deep insight into the formation of microwaves along with suggestion on how to suppress them. Question - Texmaker or microsoft-word? I tried to use latex, and I think it would be better for preparing a paper.



Alumina Al 2 O 3 is an extremely hard and brittle ceramic that is usually used as an abrasive or a cutting tool insert in manufacturing. However, its growing applications in industrial products make it necessary to conduct a study of the machinability of alumina themselves with a cost effective and flexible method, rather than conventional diamond grinding or laser-assisted processing methods.



In this paper, polycrystalline diamond tools are used to investigate the machining of non-porous pure alumina by applying an inclined ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting IUEVC method.



Firstly, a theoretical analysis is presented to study the effects of the machining parameters on cutting performances during raster cutting procedures from the prospective of the material removal rate, tool-chip contact area, cutting edge angle, etc.



Then, experiments are carried out to investigate the cutting forces and the areal surface roughness S a in connection with the theoretically established relationships.



A review of fly cutting applied to surface generation in ultra-precision machining. Fly cutting in ultra-precision machining UPM, termed ultra-precision fly cutting UPFC, is an intermittent cutting process in which a diamond tool is mounted with a spindle to intermittently cut a workpiece.



General factors, such as cutting conditions, tool geometry, material factors material property change, material swelling and recovery, and material separation mechanism, kinematic and dynamic errors, assembling errors, cutting strategies, tool path, and workpiece geometry, are individual to UPFC and universal in UPM.



Accordingly, this paper focuses on the current investigation of fly cutting applied into surface generation in UPM. Conclusions are reached and the challenges and opportunities for further studies are discussed.



The RSV, as the tertiary cutting operation, is superimposed on the secondary fundamental rotary cutting motion to construct secondary nano-structures on the primary surface. Since the RSV system generally works at much higher frequencies and motion resolution than the primary and secondary motions, it leads to an inherent hierarchical cutting architecture.



Characterization of spatial parasitic motions of compliant mechanisms induced by manufacturing errors. This paper proposes a theoretical model for characterizing manufacturing error induced spatial parasitic motions MESPM of compliant mechanisms, and investigates the inherent statistic features of MESPM using Monte Carlo simulation.



It also applies and extends a novel finite beam based matrix modeling method to theoretically derive the elastic deformation behavior of an imperfect flexural linkage IFL, which is a basic element of a wide spectrum of compliant mechanisms.



A case study of a well-known double parallelogram compliant mechanism DPCM is also conducted, and the practical parasitic motions of a prototype DPCM are characterized by laser interferometer based measurements.



Virtual spindle based tool servo diamond turning of discontinuously structured microoptics arrays. We propose a virtual spindle based tool servo VSTS diamond turning method for the generation of discontinuously structured microoptics arrays.



Uniqueness of the VSTS is that a virtual spindle axis VSA is constructed at any specified position by combining the multiple translational and rotational servo motions of the machine tool.



Thereby, we can array the microstructure cell with a shape that can be generated in fast - or slow tool servo by controlling the VSA to sequentially pass through the centre of each cell.



Feasibility of this technique is demonstrated by fabricating discontinuous microoptics arrays on both planar and freeform surfaces. Novel end-fly-cutting-servo system for deterministic generation of hierarchical micro—nanostructures.



This paper reports on the diamond cutting based generation of hierarchical micro—nanostructures, which are conventionally difficult for both mechanical and non-mechanical methods to achieve.



In the EFCS system, an intricately shaped primary surface is generated by material removal, while the desired secondary nanostructures are simultaneously constructed using residual tool marks by actively controlling tool loci.



The potential of the EFCS system is demonstrated firstly by fabricating a nanostructured F-theta freeform surface and a nanostructured micro-aspheric array. By synthesizing the computer numerical control diamond machining and a 3 degree-of-freedom piezo-actuated nanovibrator, the SVDC mechanical nanomachining system with multiscale capability in both time and spatial domains is constructed.



Compliant linear-rotation motion transduction element based on novel spatial helical flexure hinge. In this paper, a novel sort of motion transduction elements MTEs with cylindrical helix structures are proposed for directly transforming a linear motion into a rotation.



To characterize the elastic deformation behaviors of the MTEs based on the novel spatial helical flexure hinges SHFHs, the finite beam based matrix modeling FBMM method is employed for calculation of its complete compliance matrix, and a transform ratio is defined to quantify its performances.



By means of three-dimensional printing, a prototype of MTE is rapidly produced. Active control of residual tool marks for freeform optics functionalization by novel biaxial servo assisted fly cutting.



Active control of the RTM from the two aspects, namely, undesired effect elimination or effective functionalization, are experimentally demonstrated by fabricating a typical F-theta freeform surface with scattering homogenization and two functional microstructures with imposition of secondary phase gratings integrating both reflective and diffractive functions.



Development of a novel type of hybrid non-symmetric flexure hinges. A novel type of hybrid non-symmetric flexure hinges NSFHs is developed for higher motion precision in this paper, then the finite beam based matrix modeling FBMM method is employed to describe elastic deformation behaviors, model compliance matrix, and define non-dimensional precision factors of the hybrid NSFHs.



Influences of the dimensional parameters on the dominant compliances and motion accuracies of the NSFHs are analytically investigated based on the FBMM models, while an asymmetry ratio is introduced and its influences on performances of the NSFHs are well revealed.



Moreover, making comparisons of the main performances between the proposed NSFHs and symmetric flexure hinges, the obtained results indicate that the hybrid NSFHs can greatly improve the motion accuracy and suppress the adverse inherent motions.



Finally, performances of the NSFHs and modeling accuracies are investigated by experimental tests, and making comparison with other flexure hinges. Adaptive tool servo diamond turning for enhancing machining efficiency and surface quality of freeform optics.



However, the currently adopted constant scheme for azimuth sampling and side-feeding motion possesses no adaptation to surface shape variation, leading to the non-uniform surface quality and low machining efficiency.



In the ATS, the sampling interval and the side-feeding motion are actively controlled at any cutting point to adapt the machining process to shape variation of the desired surface, making both the sampling induced interpolation error and the side-feeding induced residual tool mark be within the desired tolerances.



Characteristic of the required cutting motion suggests that besides the conventional z-axis servo motion, another servo motion along the x-axis synthesizing by the c-axis is mandatory for implementing the ATS.



Large-scale fabrication of micro-lens array by novel end-fly-cutting-servo diamond machining. However, it is still a challenge to process MLA in large scale due to certain inherent limitations of this technique.



In the present study, a novel ultra-precision diamond cutting method, as the end-fly-cutting-servo EFCS system, is adopted and investigated for large-scale generation of MLA.



After a detailed discussion of the characteristic advantages for processing MLA, the optimal toolpath generation strategy for the EFCS is developed with consideration of the geometry and installation pose of the diamond tool.



A typical aspheric MLA over a large area is experimentally fabricated, and the resulting form accuracy, surface micro-topography and machining efficiency are critically investigated.



The result indicates that the MLA with homogeneous quality over the whole area is obtained. Besides, high machining efficiency, extremely small volume of control points for the toolpath, and optimal usage of system dynamics of the machine tool during the whole cutting can be simultaneously achieved.



A review of machine-tool vibration and its influence upon surface generation in ultra-precision machining. Vibration in ultra-precision machining UPM is an intrinsic physical phenomenon, which is a key factor influencing surface generation.



With a focus on passive vibration, this paper reviews the latest research into vibration characteristics and the effect of vibration on surface generation in UPM. The opportunities and challenges facing researchers are also discussed and suggestions are made for future related studies.



It is found that active vibration can possibly be employed to improve surface quality influenced by passive vibration in UPM. A review of surface roughness generation in ultra-precision machining.



Ultra-precision machining UPM is capable of manufacturing a high quality surface at a nanometric surface roughness. For such high quality surface in a UPM process, due to the machining complexity any variable would be possible to deteriorate surface quality, consequently receiving much attention and interest.



The general factors are summarized as machine tool, cutting conditions, tool geometry, environmental conditions, material property, chip formation, tool wear, vibration etc.



This paper aims to review the current state of the art in studying the surface roughness formation and the factors influencing surface roughness in UPM. Firstly, the surface roughness characteristics in UPM is introduced.



Then in UPM, a wide variety of factors for surface roughness are then reviewed in detail and the mechanism of surface roughness formation is concluded thoroughly. Finally, the challenges and opportunities faced by industry and academia are discussed and several principle conclusions are drawn.



Evolutionary diamond turning of optics for error correction covering a wide spatial spectrum. To improve the quality of diamond turned optics, it is necessary to employ a laborious postprocess-ing approach.



However, the approach is often very hard to implement on freeform surfaces, and it greatly decreases the processing efficiency even for simple optics. An evolutionary diamond turning method is first proposed to comprehensively improve the quality of the turned optics.



The evolutionary goal is to attenuate the peak value of the power spectral density of residual tool marks, and the special mutation point is observed during the evolution. Taking advantage of the modulation operation of a diamond tool in the spatial frequency domain, form accuracy, surface roughness, and surface reflectivity are all significantly improved, demonstrating the superiority of the EDT method for optics fabrication.



The root causes for the change trend of the cutting force has been explained by observing the change and the motion of the lattice structure in the copper workpieces. The size effect of the surface texture on the cutting force has been analyzed during the whole cutting process, and compare with cutting the smooth surface texture, the analyzing results showed that:





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01.03.2018 Kigak :

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